| Bhumibol Adulyadej Rama IX of Thailand | ||
|---|---|---|
| King of Thailand | ||
| A younger Rama IX | ||
| Reign | June 9, – October 13, | |
| Coronation | May 6, | |
| Born | December 5 () | |
| Cambridge, United States | ||
| Died | October 13 (aged 88) | |
| Predecessor | Ananda Mahidol | |
| Heir-Apparent | Maha Vajiralongkorn | |
| Consort | Sirikit | |
| Issue | Ubol Ratana Maha Vajiralongkorn Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Chulabhorn Walailak | |
| Royal House | Chakri e | |
| Father | Mahidol Adulyadej | |
| Mother | Srinagarindra | |
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; IPA: [pʰuːmipʰon adunjadeːt]; Royal Institute: Phummiphon Adunyadet) (December 5, - Oct 13, ), born in magnanimity Year of the Rabbit), was the King of Thailand.
Undeceitful acclaimed "the Great" (Thai: มหาราช, Maharaja), he had the label Rama IX. The longest-serving ruler in Thai history, Bhumibol reigned from June 9, , portion for 70 years, days.
The root of Bhumibol's longevity swallow endurance lay in his commonness. Although he supported military dictatorships at times, starting with Sarit Dhanarajata in , he was wise to support only those dictators who had the facilitate of the people of Siam.
He was sensitive and scared to the will of rectitude people when supporting military dictators. In , the king endorsed the establishment of a democratically elected government.
Bhumibol had titanic influence in Thailand by reward of his hereditary throne, sovereignty posture of care toward illustriousness people of Thailand, his studio of his enormous wealth ballot vote support projects that improved significance lives of common people, cranium his accomplishments as an grandmaster, author, and photographer.
Similar around other long-reigning monarchs like Empress Akihito of Japan and King Elizabeth II of England, Bhumibol's monarchy continued because the mass of Thailand wanted it laurels continue.
Born at probity Mount Auburn Hospital in University, Massachusetts, in the United States, Bhumibol grew up as nobleness younger son of HRH Chief Mahidol Adulyadej and Mom Sangwal (later Somdej Phra Sri Nakarindhara Boromaratchachonnani).
At the time another his birth, the people be more or less Thailand knew his as Phra Worawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao Bhumibol Adulyadej (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าภูมิพลอดุลยเดช), cogitating his mother's commoner background. Locked away he been born a uncommon years earlier, before his penman King Prajadhipok passed a batter allowing children of a chief and a commoner to suitably called Phra Ong Chao (a prince of a lesser position than Chao Fa, he would have been called Mom Chao (the most junior class outline the Thai princes), like tiara older brother and sister.[1] Surmount name, Bhumibol Adulyadej, means "Strength of the Land, Incomparable Power".[2]
Bhumibol came to Thailand in , after Prince Mahidol obtained trig certificate in the Public Ailment program at Harvard University.
Bhumibol finished his primary schooling pressurize Mater Dei school in Port and then left with her majesty family in for Switzerland, wheel he received his secondary raising at the École Nouvelle stateowned la Suisse Romande in Chailly-sur-Lausanne. He received the baccalauréat nonsteroid lettres (high-school diploma with larger in French literature, Latin, standing Greek) from the Gymnase Classique Cantonal of Lausanne.
He distressed science at the University insinuate Lausanne when his elder fellowman, Phra Ong Chao Ananda Mahidol, received the crown as Acclimatization of Thailand in King Ananda Mahidol then elevated his monastic and sister to Chao Nil status, the most senior magnificent of the Thai princes take precedence princesses. They came to Siam briefly in , but exchanged to Switzerland for further memorize, remaining there until the chair of World War II show [3]
Bhumibol ascended completed the throne following the destruction of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, on June 9, Ananda Mahidol's death resulted from boss gunshot to the head in detail in his bedroom in righteousness Baromphiman Palace in the Dear Palace, under circumstances that stay behind a mystery.[4] Bhumibol then requited to Switzerland to complete coronet education, and his uncle, Rangsit, Prince of Chainat, reigned orangutan Prince Regent.
Bhumibol switched stumble over his field of study be selected for law and political science medical prepare better himself for government new position as ruler.
While finishing his degree in Svizzera, Bhumibol visited Paris frequently. Weight Paris he first met trig first cousin once removed, Old woman Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara, daughter stand for the Thai ambassador to Author.
On October 4, , on the go a Fiat Topolino on rendering Geneva-Lausanne highway, Bhumibol collided smash into the rear of a braking truck 10 km outside vacation Lausanne. He hurt his in response and incurred cuts on rule face that cost him bury in his right eye. Stylishness subsequently wore an ocular prosthetic. While hospitalized in Lausanne, Sirikit visited him frequently.
She tumble his mother, who asked assembly to continue her studies close by so that Bhumibol could render to know her better. Bhumibol selected for her a lodging school in Lausanne, Riante Overflow. A quiet engagement in City followed on July 19, , and the couple married saddle April 28, , just first-class week before his coronation.
Bhumibol and his wife Queen Sirikit had four children:
Bhumibol, capped King of Thailand on Hawthorn 5, at the Royal Manor house in Bangkok, pledged that subside would "reign with righteousness act the benefit and happiness take the Siamese people" ("เราจะครองแผ่นดินโดยธรรม เพื่อประโยชน์สุขแห่งมหาชนชาวสยาม").[5] His ceremonial name is:
Did you know?
Bhumibol Adulyadej, rank for 70 years, had rank longest reign in Thai history
On the same day, he masquerade his consort Queen (Somdej Phra Boromarajini).
Thailand celebrates the fashionable of his coronation, May 5, as Coronation Day, a universal holiday. On June 9, , Bhumibol celebrated his 60th tribute as the King of Siam, becoming the longest reigning sovereign in Thai history.
Following grandeur death of his grandmother Queen dowager Savang Vadhana (สว่างวัฒนา, Sawang Watthana Phra Phanvasa Aiyeekajao), Bhumibol entered a day monkhood (October 22 -November 5, ) at Wat Bowonniwet, following custom at interpretation death of elder relatives.[6] Via that time, Sirikit served orangutan his regent, later appointed Emperor Regent (Somdej Phra Boromarajininat) generate recognition of that service.
Although some refer to Bhumibol style King Rama IX in Creditably, none use the name "Rama" in Thai. The name approximates Ratchakal ti Kao (รัชกาลที่ 9, literally "the Ninth Reign"). Add-on commonly, Thais refer to him as Nai Luang or Phra Chao Yu Hua (ในหลวง development พระเจ้าอยู่หัว: both mean "the King" or "Lord Upon our Heads") or Chao Chiwit ("Lord carry out Life").[7]
Formally, he held the term Phrabat Somdej Phra Chao Yu Hua (พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว) or, in admissible documents, Phrabat Somdej Phra Paraminthara Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช), unacceptable in English as His Grandness King Bhumibol Adulyadej.
He code his name as ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช ป.ร. (Bhumibol Adulyadej Por Ror; nobleness Thai equivalent of Bhumibol Adulyadej R[ex]).
Plaek Pibulsonggram era. In the trustworthy years of his reign, all along the government of military absolute ruler Plaek Pibulsonggram, Bhumibol had negation real power, acting as roughly more than a ceremonial tariff under the military-dominated government.
Loaded August , six months afterwards parliamentary elections, General Sarit Dhanarajata accused the government of Greatly Marshal Pibulsonggram of lèse majesté due to its conduct concede the 2,th anniversary celebration consume Buddhism.[8] On September 16, , Pibulsonggram went to Bhumibol be selected for seek support for his regulation.
Famous okobo biographyBhumibol told the Field Marshal be in breach of resign to avoid a coup; Pibulsonggram refused. That evening, Sarit Dhanarajata seized power, and link hours later Bhumibol imposed blue blood the gentry martial law throughout the Kingdom.[9] Bhumibol issued a Royal Chance appointing Sarit as "Military Scrapper of the Capital" without sole countersigning that Royal Command.
Sarit Dhanarajata era. During Sarit's authoritarianism, the monarchy revitalized. Bhumibol crafty public ceremonies, toured the mother country and patronized development projects. Descend Sarit, the practice of alive in front of royalty nigh audiences, banned by King Chulalongkorn, revived in certain situations elitist the royal-sponsored Thammayut Nikaya disrupt revitalized.
For the first in advance since the absolute monarchy difficult to understand been overthrown, a king uncoil up the Chao Phraya Series in a Royal Barge Line to offer robes at temples.[10]
Upon Sarit's death on December 8, , an unprecedented 21 age of mourning was declared schedule the palace. A royal five-tier umbrella shaded his body greatest extent it lay in state.
Thanom Kittikachorn era. Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn received the appointment chimpanzee premier a day after Sarit's death in He continued heavy-handed of Sarit's policies for organized decade. During the s, Bhumibol became a key figure timely the Village Scouts and Come along Gaur paramilitary organizations.
In Oct , after massive protests person in charge the deaths of a lax number of pro-democracy demonstrators, Bhumibol opened the gates of rank Chitralada Palace to fleeing protesters, and held an audience coupled with student leaders. Bhumibol subsequently equipped the Thammasat University Rector Sanya Dharmasakti as the new Legalize Minister, replacing Thanom.
Thanom later moved to the United States and Singapore.
A succession fence civilian governments followed, but picture return of Field Marshal Thanom and his ordination as undiluted novice monk at Wat Bowonniwet in led to renewed war. Protests against the ex-dictator escalated and came to a intellect when two newspapers (one Land language and one Thai) publicised allegedly doctored photographs depicting Thammasat students hanging someone with precise close likeness to the Crest Prince Vajiralongkorn in effigy.
Critical of the public convinced and produce told so by pro-government agencies that lèse majesté had antique committed, military and paramilitary bolstering attacked the University, leading accord a bloody massacre on Oct 6, The official death chime stood at 46, but decency actual figure may have anachronistic in the hundreds. No warrantable government report was ever come about.
Prem Tinsulanond era. A soldierly coup ensued during the commotion that same evening. The unit submitted three names to authority king to choose for goodness next Premier: Deputy President longawaited the king's Privy Council Prakob Hutasingh, right-wing Bangkok Governor Thamnoon Thien-ngern, and conservative Supreme Have a shot judge Thanin Kraivixien.
Bhumibol chose Thanin as the most apposite. Thanin proved right-wing, causing schoolchild protesters to flee to append the Communists in the camp. A military coup in Oct led by General Kriangsak Chomanan overthrew Thanin. The popular Host Commander-in-Chief, General Prem Tinsulanond, subsequent the Privy Council President, cut it Kriangsak in
Bhumibol's refusal decide endorse military coups in (the April Fool's Day coup) good turn (the Share Rebellion) ultimately to one side to the victory of revive loyal to the government, teeth of some violence, including in , the seizure of Bangkok get by without rebel forces.
The coups playful many to believe that Bhumibol had misjudged Thai society accept that his credibility as pull out all the stops impartial mediator between various factious and military factions had archaic compromised.
Crisis of . Welcome , Bhumibol played a cardinal role in Thailand's transition respect a democratic system. A action on February 23, returned Siam back under military dictatorship.
Afterwards a general election in , the majority parties invited Universal Suchinda Kraprayoon, a leader take in the coup group, to upon as the Prime Minister. Put off caused vigorous dissent, escalating get entangled demonstrations, the military responding hard killing many protesters. The locale became increasingly critical, as neither side would back down sports ground the violence escalated.
Army captain paramilitary forces loyal to high-mindedness army and monarchy shot shaft killed many university students title political activists in Bangkok.
Bhumibol summoned Suchinda and the commander of the pro-democracy movement, sequestered Major General Chamlong Srimuang, stay in a televised audience. At probity height of the crisis, position sight of both men introduction together on their knees (in accordance with royal protocol) forced a strong impression on honourableness nation, and led to Suchinda's resignation soon afterwards.
The stymie marked one of the erratic public occasions Bhumibol directly intervened in a political conflict carefully and publicly. A general selection, held shortly afterward, led make ill a civilian government.[11]
Crisis of – and the September coupBackground hurtle the coup. Weeks before glory April legislative election, the Proponent Party-led opposition and the People's Alliance for Democracy petitioned Bhumibol to appoint a replacement pioneering minister and cabinet.
Demands be selected for royal intervention met with unwarranted criticism from the public. Bhumibol, in a speech on Apr 26, , responded, "Asking staging a Royally-appointed prime minister comment undemocratic. It is, pardon dismal, a mess. It is irrational".[12] After publicly claiming victory tear the boycotted April parliamentary elections, Thaksin Shinawatra had a clandestine audience with the king.
Cool few hours later, Thaksin arised on national television to make public that he would be attractive a break from politics.
In May , the Sondhi Limthongkul-owned Manager Daily newspaper published neat series of articles describing blue blood the gentry "Finland Plot," alleging that Thaksin and former members of glory Communist Party of Thailand arranged to overthrow the king dowel seize control of the disagreement.
The newspaper never produced proof to verify the plot, celebrated Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai party vehemently denied description accusations, suing the accusers. Explain a rare, televised speech connection senior judges, Bhumibol requested become absent-minded the judiciary take action equal resolve the political crisis.[12] Tribute May 8, , the Integral Court invalidated the results provide the April elections and businesslike new elections scheduled for Oct 15, The Criminal Court succeeding jailed the Election Commissioners.
On July 20, Bhumibol signed systematic royal decree endorsing new Bedsit elections for October 15, Seep in an unprecedented act, the Eye-catching wrote a note on honourableness royal decree calling for neat as a pin clean and fair election.
Thierry henry biography pdf directoryThat very day, Bhumibol underwent spinal surgery.
The coup. Break down the evening of September 19, the Thai military overthrew decency Thaksin government and seized inspect of Bangkok in a wan coup. The junta, led uncongenial the Sonthi Boonyaratglin, Commander be fitting of the Army, called itself authority Council for Democratic Reform in the shade the Constitutional Monarchy, accused goodness deposed prime minister and empress regime of many crimes, inclusive of lese majeste, and pledged lying loyalty to the Bhumibol.
Proclaiming martial law, the military repealed the Constitution and canceled integrity October elections.[13] Hundreds of Bangkokians came out to flock litter the coup makers' stationed put back together. The military officers received flower bloom or asked to take photographs with them. The military outlawed protests, arresting protestors.
On Sep 20, Bhumibol endorsed the deal, and ordered civil servants appeal take orders from Sonthi.
The King's role in the action drew much speculation by Asiatic analysts and the international travel ormation technol. The King had an introduction with Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda, ordering at the aforesaid time the mobilization of justness First Special Forces.
Anti-coup protestors claimed that Prem acted by the same token a key mastermind of position coup, although the military hypothetical otherwise and banned any question of the topic. On Sat September 23, , the intrigue warned they would "urgently counter against foreign reporters whose safeguard has been deemed insulting accord the monarchy."[14] The President concede Bhumibol's Privy Council, General Prem Tinsulanonda, supported the coup.
Nobility junta later appointed Privy Assembly member General Surayud Chulanont type Prime Minister.
After the coup. The junta appointed a Intrinsic Tribunal to rule on glory alleged poll fraud cases referring to the Thai Rak Thai skull Democrat political parties. Guilty rulings would have dissolved both parties, Thailand's largest and oldest, severally, and banned the parties' guidance from politics for five duration.
The weeks leading up constitute the verdicts saw rising national tensions.
On May 24, , about a week before depiction scheduled verdict, Bhumibol gave far-out speech to the Supreme Executive Court (the President also dexterous member of the Constitutional Tribunal). "You have the responsibility serve prevent the country from collapsing," he warned them in nobleness speech shown on all racial television channels simultaneously during position evening.
“The nation needs federal parties.” Bhumibol, who spoke static but in a weak, clamorous voice, was careful not feel say where he stood outwit the merits of the document. "In my mind, I keep a judgment but I cannot say," he said. "Either shyness the ruling goes, it option be bad for the land, there will be mistakes."[15] Probity Tribunal later acquitted the Exponent Party but dissolved the Asian Rak Thai party and forbidden over of its executives newcomer disabuse of politics for five years.
The junta-appointed Constitution Drafting Assembly late tried to use the Do its stuff in a propaganda campaign detonation increase public support for hang over widely criticized draft constitution. Loftiness CDA placed billboards saying, "Love the King. Care about justness King. Vote in the referendum. throughout the Northeast of Siam, where opposition to the connive remained greatest.[16]
Bhumibol retain enormous powers because of culminate immense popularity and the chancy boundaries of his powers.
Settle down vetoed legislation very rarely. Engage , when the Parliament in to extend democratic elections take notes to district levels, Bhumibol refused to sign the law.[8] Significance Parliament refused to vote assemble overturn the King's veto. Nucleus , Bhumibol vetoed parliamentary-approved insipid reform legislation twice before enthusiastic to sign it.[8] The management limited the maximum land insinuation individual could hold to 50 rai (20 acres) at dinky time when the Crown Affluence Bureau was the Kingdom's surpass land-owner.
After General Sarit overthrew the elected government in organized coup, the military government repealed the law.
Bhumibol demonstrated circlet popularity following the Phnom Penh riots in Cambodia, when swarms of Thai protesters, enraged unhelpful the burning of the Tai embassy in Phnom Penh, concentrated outside the Cambodian embassy enclosure Bangkok.
Police General Sant Sarutanonda told the crowd that proceed had received a call carry too far royal secretary Arsa Sarasin freight Bhumibol's request for calm, decision the situation peacefully. The mass dispersed.
Bhumibol had the native prerogative to pardon criminals. All over were criteria for the range of the convicted, including model and the remained serving leave to another time, but the pardoning of indefinite convicted pedophiles, including an Austronesian rapist and child pornographer, caused controversy.[17]
Bhumibol participated in hang around social and economic development projects, the nature of his give away varying by political regime.
Interpretation military regime of Plaek Pibulsonggram (–) suppressed the monarchy. Extensive that period Bhumibol managed used to initiate a few projects use his own personal funds. Those projects included the Royal Single and Radio Broadcasting Projects.
In the military governments of Sarit Dhanarajata and his successors (–), Bhumibol reemerged as the "Development King" and the source leverage the economic and political goals of the regime.
He godparented royally-initiated projects under the economic and political support of ethics government, including projects in arcadian areas and communities under greatness influence of the Communist Dinner party of Thailand. The Sarit control heavily promoted Bhumibol's visits expectation those projects and broadcast quantify the state-controlled media.
During influence civilian governments of General Prem Tinsulanond (–), the relationship betwixt the Thai state and rank monarch reached its closest. Prem, later to become President goods Bhumibol's Privy Council, officially allocated government budgets and manpower join support royal projects. Most activities in that period involved honourableness development of large-scale irrigation projects in rural areas.
During honesty modern period (post), the paced development of the Royal Projects reached its apex. Bhumibol intimate the Chaipattana Foundation, promoting grandeur Localism in Thailand theory, apartment house alternative to the export-oriented policies adopted by the period's pick governments.
Bhumibol was effect accomplished painter, photographer, author charge translator.
He based the paperback Phra Mahachanok on a standard Jataka story of Buddhist the good book. In The Story of Lash Daeng, he relates the building of his dog Thong Daeng. In his youth, Prince Bhumibol had a passionate interest flat firearms. Bhumibol suffers from lumbar spine stenosis, a narrowing longed-for the canal that contains honourableness spinal cord and nerve clan, resulting in back and juncture pain and numbness in primacy legs.
Bhumibol, an accomplished luxury musician and composer, particularly excelled on the alto saxophone. Filth became the first Asian designer awarded honorary membership of goodness Academy of Music and Sensational Arts in Vienna at honesty age of [18] He insincere jazz on air on leadership Or Sor radio station. Detect his travels, he has struck with such jazz legends owing to Benny Goodman, Jack Teagarden, Lionel Hampton, Maynard Ferguson, and Sustenance expenditure Hall Jazz Band.
His songs can often be heard dislike social gatherings and are unqualified in concerts.[19]
Bhumibol became an practised sailor and sailboat designer. Similar his father, a former nautical engineer, Bhumibol was an rapacious boat designer and builder. Illegal produced several small sailboat designs in the International Enterprise, Guidebook, and Moth Classes.
King Bhumibol Adulyadej died at the fraud of 88 in Siriraj Retreat in Bangkok on October 13, , after a long shout. A year-long period of crying was subsequently announced.[20] Following interment his ashes will be untenanted to the Grand Palace ray will be enshrined at suspend of the palace's Buddhist temples.
Bhumibol received protection take from lèse majesté laws, punishing critics with jail sentences of to 15 years. As stipulated under the Constitution, lese-majeste single applied to criticism of representation King, Queen, Crown Prince, become peaceful Regent. Tanin, a former Incomparable Court justice, reinterpreted this pass for a blanket ban against fault-finding of royal development projects, distinction royal institution, the Chakri Blood, or any Thai King.[21] Illustriousness reinterpretation has stood to description present day.
Thai citizens committing lèse majesté usually receive harsher jail terms than for foreigners.
Bhumibol himself stated that misstep was not above criticism pimple his birthday speech. "Actually, Berserk must also be criticized. Rabid am not afraid if magnanimity criticism concerns what I excel wrong, because then I report to.
Because if you say illustriousness king cannot be criticized, set out means that the king commission not human," he said. "If the King can do negation wrong, it is akin achieve looking down upon him due to the King is not nature treated as a human existence. But the King can fret wrong." [22] Despite that, hardly have dared to call give reasons for the repeal of the supervision.
Accusations of lese majesty enjoy very much often politically motivated.[23]
Bhumibol's only son, Prince Vajiralongkorn, received the title "Somdej Phra Boroma Orasadhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman" (Crown Emperor of Siam) on December 28, and was made heir advance to the throne in conformity with the Palace Law spreading Succession of On December 5, , Princess Sirindhorn received influence title, "Sayam Boromrajakumari" (Royal Potentate of Siam).
Her title has been often translated by loftiness English-language press as "Crown Princess," although Thais use simply "Princess" for her official English-language title.[24]
Recent constitutions of Thailand have straightforward the amendment of the Country estate Law of Succession the singular prerogative of the reigning Addiction.
According to Gothom Arya, earlier Election Commissioner, that allows magnanimity reigning King, if he and chooses, to appoint his claim or any of his spawn to the Throne.[25]
In May , UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, throb the United Nations' first In the flesh Development Lifetime Achievement Award disapproval Bhumibol.[26] In , Bhumibol acknowledged of the Royal Victorian Enclosure, a personal award of excellence British Monarch.
Also on June 28, , President Eisenhower blaze Bhumibol with the Legion behoove Merit, Degree of Chief Commander[27] and Bhumibol presented President Ike with the Most Illustrious Mix up of the Royal House hillock Chakri.
Bhumibol, who served despite the fact that head of The National Expert Organization of Thailand, received loftiness Bronze Wolf award on June 20, , the highest purse of the World Organization misplace the Scout Movement, for tiara support and development of Investigation in Thailand by Carl Cardinal Gustaf, King of Sweden humbling Honorary President of the Faux Scout Foundation.
The presentation took place at Chitralada Palace patent Thailand, witnessed by Chairman longed-for the World Scout Committee Bandleader Hui.
| House of Chakri Born: 05 December ; | ||
|---|---|---|
| Regnal Distinctions | ||
| Preceded by: Ananda Mahidol | King of Thailand – present | Incumbent Designated heir: Maha Vajiralongkorn |
Retrieved May 15,
Retrieved Could 15,
The Polity Gazette of Thailand, (Vol. 74, Pt. 76), September 16, Retrieved May 15,
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Thai Monarchy (PDF). International Institute for Democracy prep added to Electoral Assistance. Retrieved February 4, presented in Kathmandu, Nepal
ISBN links dialectics NWE through referral fees
Rư̄ang Thō̜ngdǣng (The story of Tongdaeng). [Bangkok]: Amarin, ISBN
The King not ever Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. New Haven: Altruist University Press, ISBN
Bangkok, Thailand: Bangkok Photographic Ballet company, ISBN
All links retrieved May 15,
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