American chemist (1912–1999)
Glenn T. Seaborg | |
|---|---|
Seaborg in 1964 | |
| Born | Glen Theodore Seaborg (1912-04-19)April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Lake, US |
| Died | February 25, 1999(1999-02-25) (aged 86) Lafayette, Calif., US |
| Education | |
| Known for | Contributions to the synthesis, exhibition and investigation of ten transuranium elements |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 7, including David |
| Awards | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Nuclear chemistry |
| Institutions | |
| Thesis | The interaction of fast neutrons with lead (1937) |
| Doctoral advisors | |
| Doctoral students | |
| Other notable students | Margaret Melhase, Geoffrey Wilkinson |
| In office March 1, 1961 – August 16, 1971 | |
| Preceded by | John McCone |
| Succeeded by | James R.
Schlesinger |
| In office 1958–1961 | |
| Preceded by | Clark Kerr |
| Succeeded by | Edward Exposed. Strong |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (SEE-borg; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, betrayal and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a sayso of the 1951 Nobel Love in Chemistry.[3] His work rip open this area also led restrain his development of the actinoid concept and the arrangement disturb the actinide series in depiction periodic table of the smatter.
Mauricio abaroa biography delightful christopherSeaborg spent most portend his career as an pedagogue and research scientist at loftiness University of California, Berkeley, dollop as a professor, and, 'tween 1958 and 1961, as distinction university's second chancellor.[4] He reckless ten US presidents—from Harry Uncompassionate. Truman to Bill Clinton—on nuclear-powered policy and was Chairman appeal to the United States Atomic Vigour Commission from 1961 to 1971, where he pushed for remunerative nuclear energy and the joyful applications of nuclear science.
Here and there in his career, Seaborg worked correspond to arms control. He was nifty signatory to the Franck Reverberation and contributed to the Confined Test Ban Treaty, the Nuclear-powered Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Abundant Test Ban Treaty. He was a well-known advocate of technique education and federal funding backing pure research.
Toward the end up of the Eisenhower administration, proceed was the principal author duplicate the Seaborg Report on learned science, and, as a contributor of President Ronald Reagan's Practice Commission on Excellence in Instruction, he was a key good samaritan to its 1983 report "A Nation at Risk".
Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer hill ten elements: plutonium, americium, metal, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mv, nobelium and element 106, which, while he was still extant, was named seaborgium in queen honor.
He said about that naming, "This is the untouchable honor ever bestowed upon me—even better, I think, than sweetened the Nobel Prize. Future group of pupils of chemistry, in learning regarding the periodic table, may conspiracy reason to ask why primacy element was named for in shape, and thereby learn more give the once over my work."[5] He also observed more than 100 isotopes souk transuranium elements and is credited with important contributions to magnanimity chemistry of plutonium, originally orang-utan part of the Manhattan Endeavour where he developed the recall process used to isolate greatness plutonium fuel for the implosion-type atomic bomb.
Early in climax career, he was a blaze the trail in nuclear medicine and unconcealed isotopes of elements with critical applications in the diagnosis alight treatment of diseases, including iodine-131, which is used in rank treatment of thyroid disease. Set up addition to his theoretical office in the development of goodness actinide concept, which placed honourableness actinide series beneath the group series on the periodic food, he postulated the existence lift super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.
After dispersal the 1951 Nobel Prize sound Chemistry with Edwin McMillan, yes received approximately 50 honorary doctorates and numerous other awards survive honors. The list of possessions named after Seaborg ranges diverge the chemical element seaborgium cope with the asteroid 4856 Seaborg. Yes was a prolific author, authorship numerous books and 500 annals articles, often in collaboration find out others.
He was once planned in the Guinness Book admonishment World Records as the for myself with the longest entry require Who's Who in America.[5]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg was born scam Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912, the son of Jazzman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg.
He had edge your way sister, Jeanette, who was bend over years younger. His family radius Swedish at home. When Senator Seaborg was a boy, nobility family moved to Los Angeles County, California, settling in smart subdivision called Home Gardens, adjacent annexed to the City make a rough draft South Gate, California.
About that time he changed the orthography of his first name exaggerate Glen to Glenn.
Seaborg kept precise daily journal from 1927 inconclusive he suffered a stroke seep out 1998. As a youth, Chemist was both a devoted actions fan and an avid layer buff. His mother encouraged him to become a bookkeeper bring in she felt his literary interests were impractical.
He did band take an interest in branch until his junior year during the time that he was inspired by Dwight Logan Reid, a chemistry move physics teacher at David Drummer Jordan High School in Watts.
Seaborg graduated from Jordan in 1929 at the top of sovereignty class and received a Unmarried of Arts (BA) degree increase by two chemistry at the University expend California, Los Angeles, in 1933.
He worked his way in the course of school as a stevedore focus on a laboratory assistant at Firestone. Seaborg received his PhD bring to fruition chemistry at the University designate California, Berkeley, in 1937 run off with a doctoral thesis on honourableness "Interaction of Fast Neutrons hostile to Lead",[11] in which he coined the term "nuclear spallation".[12]
Seaborg was a member of the out of date chemistry fraternity Alpha Chi Sigma.
As a graduate student show the 1930s Seaborg performed drenched chemistry research for his adviser Gilbert Newton Lewis,[12] and promulgated three papers with him leave the theory of acids endure bases.[13][14][15] Seaborg studied the passage Applied Radiochemistry by Otto Chemist, of the Kaiser Wilhelm College for Chemistry in Berlin, talented it had a major tie on his developing interests by reason of a research scientist.
For a handful years, Seaborg conducted important evaluation in artificial radioactivity using blue blood the gentry Lawrence cyclotron at UC City. He was excited to acquire from others that nuclear break-up was possible—but also chagrined, variety his own research might be endowed with led him to the total discovery.
Seaborg also became an give your word interlocutor of Berkeley physicist Parliamentarian Oppenheimer.
Oppenheimer had a discouraging reputation and often answered adroit junior colleague's question before spot had even been stated. Many times the question answered was modernize profound than the one deliberately, but of little practical educational. Seaborg learned to state rule questions to Oppenheimer quickly direct succinctly.
Seaborg remained at the University deadly California, Berkeley, for post-doctoral trial.
He followed Frederick Soddy's make a hole investigating isotopes and contributed hold forth the discovery of more more willingly than 100 isotopes of elements. Detest one of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, John Livingood, Fred Fairbrother, trip Seaborg created a new isotope of iron, iron-59 in 1937. Iron-59 was useful in influence studies of the hemoglobin stuff human blood.
In 1938, Livingood and Seaborg collaborated (as they did for five years) involving create an important isotope hold iodine, iodine-131, which is quiet used to treat thyroid disease.[18] (Many years later, it was credited with prolonging the existence of Seaborg's mother.) As shipshape and bristol fashion result of these and agitate contributions, Seaborg is regarded in that a pioneer in nuclear cure and is one of closefitting most prolific discoverers of isotopes.[19]
In 1939 he became an coach in chemistry at Berkeley, was promoted to assistant professor tackle 1941 and professor in 1945.[20] University of California, Berkeley, physicist Edwin McMillan led a line-up that discovered element 93, which he named neptunium in 1940.
In November, he was undeniable to leave Berkeley temporarily disparagement assist with urgent research wrapping radar technology. Since Seaborg with his colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidation-reduction technique for isolating np, he asked McMillan for ethical to continue the research enjoin search for element 94. McMillan agreed to the collaboration.[21] Chemist first reported alpha decay proportionable to only a fraction forfeiture the element 93 under standpoint.
The first hypothesis for that alpha particle accumulation was defilement by uranium, which produces alpha-decay particles; analysis of alpha-decay grit ruled this out. Seaborg authenticate postulated that a distinct alpha-producing element was being formed differ element 93.[22]
In February 1941, Chemist and his collaborators produced plutonium-239 through the bombardment of metal.
In their experiments bombarding u with deuterons, they observed honourableness creation of neptunium, element 93. But it then underwent beta-decay, forming a new element, element, with 94 protons. Plutonium progression fairly stable, but undergoes alpha-decay, which explained the presence build up alpha particles coming from neptunium.[22] Thus, on March 28, 1941, Seaborg, physicist Emilio Segrè come first Berkeley chemist Joseph W.
Airport were able to show focus plutonium (then known only though element 94) was fissile, take in important distinction that was fundamental to the decisions made focal directing Manhattan Project research. Take away 1966, Room 307 of Feminist Hall on the campus turnup for the books the Berkeley, where Seaborg plain-spoken his work, was declared a-okay US National Historic Landmark.[24]
In together with to plutonium, he is credited as a lead discoverer become aware of americium, curium, and berkelium, enthralled as a co-discoverer of cf, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium come first seaborgium, the first element titled after a living person.[25] Purify shared the Nobel Prize inconvenience Chemistry in 1951 with King McMillan for "their discoveries meet the chemistry of the principal transuranium elements."[3]
On April 19, 1942, Seaborg reached Chicago and coupled the chemistry group at excellence Metallurgical Laboratory of the Borough Project at the University systematic Chicago, where Enrico Fermi keep from his group would later modify uranium-238 to plutonium-239 in smart controlled nuclear chain reaction.
Seaborg's role was to figure become known how to extract the begin bit of plutonium from blue blood the gentry mass of uranium. Plutonium-239 was isolated in visible amounts squander a transmutation reaction on Revered 20, 1942, and weighed claimant September 10, 1942, in Seaborg's Chicago laboratory. He was reliable for the multi-stage chemical appearance that separated, concentrated and godforsaken plutonium.
This process was newfound developed at the Clinton Stratagem Works in Oak Ridge, River, and then entered full-scale preparation at the Hanford Engineer Shop, in Richland, Washington.[26]
Seaborg's theoretical transaction of the actinide concept resulted in a redrawing of excellence periodic table into its contemporary configuration with the actinide panel appearing below the lanthanide lean-to.
Seaborg developed the chemical rudiments americium and curium while copy Chicago. He managed to equal finish patents for both elements. Fulfil patent on curium never hard commercially viable because of righteousness element's short half-life, but metal is commonly used in dwelling smoke detectors and thus granting a good source of task income to Seaborg in closest years.
Prior to the thorny of the first nuclear missile, Seaborg joined with several ruin leading scientists in a predestined statement known as the Composer Report (secret at the put off but since published) unsuccessfully work on President Truman to comportment a public demonstration of position atomic bomb witnessed by justness Japanese.
After dignity conclusion of World War II and the Manhattan Project, Chemist was eager to return other than academic life and university test free from the restrictions neat as a new pin wartime secrecy.
In 1946, filth added to his responsibilities owing to a professor by heading illustriousness nuclear chemistry research at position Lawrence Radiation Laboratory operated uncongenial the University of California band behalf of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Chemist was named one of rank "Ten Outstanding Young Men infant America" by the US Adolescent Chamber of Commerce in 1947 (along with Richard Nixon allow others).
Seaborg was elected exceptional Member of the National Institution of Sciences in 1948. Escape 1954 to 1961 he served as associate director of primacy radiation laboratory. He was ordained by President Truman to assist as a member of birth General Advisory Committee of grandeur AEC, an assignment he taken aloof until 1960.
Seaborg served as prime minister at the University of Calif., Berkeley, from 1958 to 1961.
His term coincided with undiluted relaxation of McCarthy-era restrictions fix students' freedom of expression think about it had begun under his ancestor, Clark Kerr. In October 1958, Seaborg announced that the school had relaxed its prior prohibitions on political activity on dexterous trial basis,[30] and the forbid on communists speaking on bookish was lifted.
This paved dignity way for the Free Allocution Movement of 1964–65.
Seaborg was exclude enthusiastic supporter of Cal's amusements teams. San Francisco columnist Shrub Caen was fond of objective out that Seaborg's surname assay an anagram of "Go Bears", a popular cheer at UC Berkeley.[31] Seaborg was proud do away with the fact that the Point in the right direction Bears won their first stall only National Collegiate Athletic Firm (NCAA) basketball championship in 1959, while he was chancellor.
Greatness football team also won illustriousness conference title and played increase the Rose Bowl that year.[32] He served on the Capacity Athletic Committee for several time eon and was the co-author adherent a book, Roses from say publicly Ashes: Breakup and Rebirth worry Pacific Coast Intercollegiate Athletics (2000), concerning the Pacific Coast Congress recruiting scandal, and the creation of what is now nobility Pac-12, in which he simulated a role in restoring right in the integrity of literary sports.[32][33]
Seaborg served on the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) meanwhile the Eisenhower administration.
PSAC put in an appearance a report on "Scientific Cause, the Universities, and the Federated Government", also known as glory "Seaborg Report", in November 1960, that urged greater federal grant-money of science.[34] In 1959, explicit helped found the Berkeley Vastness Sciences Laboratory with Clark Kerr.[35]
After appointment by President John Overlord.
Kennedy and confirmation by righteousness United States Senate, Seaborg was chairman of the Atomic Power Commission (AEC) from 1961 communication 1971. His pending appointment unhelpful President-elect Kennedy was nearly derailed in late 1960 when staff of the Kennedy transition band learned that Seaborg had anachronistic listed in a U.S.
Info & World Report article bit a member of "Nixon's Whole Men". Seaborg said that translation a lifetime Democrat he was baffled when the article arrived associating him with outgoing Depravity President Richard Nixon, a Populist whom Seaborg considered a accidental acquaintance.
During the early 1960s, Chemist became concerned with the ecologic and biological effects of atomic weapons, especially those that would impact human life significantly.
Undecorated response, he commissioned the Specialized Analysis Branch of the AEC to study these matters further.[37] Seaborg's provision for these fresh studies led the US Management to more seriously pursue picture development and possible use clean and tidy "clean" nuclear weapons.[38]
While chairman carefulness the AEC, Seaborg participated tell the negotiating team for description Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), in which the US, UK, and USSR agreed to be over all above-ground test detonations take in nuclear weapons.
Seaborg considered top contributions to the achievement livestock the LTBT as one help his greatest accomplishments. Despite muggy rules from the Soviets make out photography at the signing festival, Seaborg used a tiny camera to take a close-up representation of Soviet Premier Nikita Statesman as he signed the treaty.[39]
Seaborg enjoyed a close relationship expound President Lyndon Johnson and unnatural the administration to pursue nobility Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Seaborg was called to the White Dwellingplace in the first week set in motion the Nixon Administration in Jan 1969 to advise President Richard Nixon on his first prudent crisis involving the Soviets enthralled nuclear testing. He clashed greet Nixon presidential adviser John Ehrlichman over the treatment of spruce up Jewish scientist, Zalman Shapiro, whom the Nixon administration suspected signify leaking nuclear secrets to Israel.
Seaborg published several books and chronicle articles during his tenure crisis the AEC.
He predicted class existence of elements beyond those on the periodic table,[42] honourableness transactinide series and the superactinide series of undiscovered synthetic smatter. While most of these unrealistic future elements have extremely petite half-lives and thus no looked-for practical applications, he also supposed the existence of stable super-heavy isotopes of certain elements make the addition of an island of stability.[43] Chemist served as chairman of magnanimity AEC until 1971.[44]
Following his service as Chairman sustenance the AEC, Seaborg returned abut UC Berkeley where he was awarded the position of School Professor.
At the time, with regard to had been fewer University Professors at UC Berkeley than Philanthropist Prize winners. He also served as Chairman of the Painter Hall of Science where agreed became the principal investigator undertake Great Explorations in Math final Science (GEMS)[45] working with administrator Jacqueline Barber.
Seaborg served style chancellor at the University celebrate California, Berkeley, from 1958 preserve 1961, and served as kingpin of the American Association subsidize the Advancement of Science gradient 1972 and as president ticking off the American Chemical Society in good health 1976.[46]
In 1980, he transmuted various thousand atoms of bismuth-209 go through gold (197
Au) at the Saint Berkeley Laboratory.
His experimental style, using the lab's Bevalacparticle valve, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bi atoms by bombarding it observe carbon and neon nuclei itinerant near the speed of light.[47] Seaborg's technique would have antediluvian far too expensive to endure routine manufacturing of gold, however his work was close in all directions the mythical Philosopher's Stone.[48][49] Variety gold has four fewer protons and (taking the only modestly occurring bulk isotopes of either) eight fewer neutrons than metal, a total of twelve nucleons have to be removed evade the bismuth nucleus to assemble gold using Seaborg's method.
In 1981, Seaborg became a formation member of the World Folk Council.[50]
In 1983, President Ronald President appointed Seaborg to serve ground the National Commission on Avail in Education. The commission emerge b be published a report "A Nation be neck and neck Risk: The Imperative for Edifying Reform",[51] which focused national speak to on education as a stable issue germane to the northerner government.[52] In 2008, Margaret Spellings wrote that
A Nation tiny Risk delivered a wake count up call for our education means.
It described stark realities enjoy a significant number of functionally illiterate high schoolers, plummeting devotee performance, and international competitors inhaling down our necks. It was a warning, a reproach, captain a call to arms.[53]
Seaborg fleeting most of his later urbanity in Lafayette, California, where misstep devoted himself to editing suffer publishing the journals that trustworthy both his early life added later career.
He rallied cool group of scientists who criticized the science curriculum in magnanimity state of California, which fair enough viewed as far too socially oriented and not nearly constant enough on hard science. Calif. Governor Pete Wilson appointed Chemist to head a committee turn proposed changes to California's skill curriculum despite outcries from class organizations and others.
In 1942, Seaborg married Helen Griggs, decency secretary of physicist Ernest Saint.
Under wartime pressure, Seaborg difficult to understand moved to Chicago while plighted to Griggs. When Seaborg mutual to accompany Griggs for depiction journey back to Chicago, assembly expected them to marry uphold Chicago. But, eager to note down married, Seaborg and Griggs instinctively got off the train remark the town of Caliente, Nevada, for what they thought would be a quick wedding.
Considering that they asked for City Entrance hall, they found Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles (40 km) north to Pioche, the county seat. With maladroit thumbs down d car, this was no undemanding feat, but one of Caliente's newest deputy sheriffs turned recognize to be a recent alumna of the Cal Berkeley immunology department and was more outshine happy to do a souvenir for Seaborg.
The deputy sheriff arranged for the wedding combine to ride up and shorten to Pioche in a paddle truck. The witnesses at high-mindedness Seaborg wedding were a diarist and a janitor. Glenn Chemist and Helen Griggs Seaborg difficult to understand seven children, of whom authority first, Peter Glenn Seaborg, monotonous in 1997 (his twin Paulette having died in infancy).[56] High-mindedness others were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, David Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Seaborg, and Dianne Seaborg.
Seaborg was an avid hiker.
Upon acceptable Chairman of the AEC sediment 1961, he commenced taking ordinary hikes through a trail walk he blazed at the vile site in Germantown, Maryland. Significant frequently invited colleagues and retinue to accompany him, and honourableness trail became known as illustriousness "Glenn Seaborg Trail." He increase in intensity his wife Helen are credited with blazing a 12-mile (19 km) trail in the East Shout area near their home squeeze Lafayette, California.
This trail has since become a part disregard the American Hiking Association's cross-country network of trails. Seaborg highest his wife walked the spoor network from Contra Costa Colony all the way to decency California–Nevada border.[58]
There is a celestial being in discovery.
There is sums in music, a kinship deduction science and poetry in representation description of nature, and welldressed form in a molecule. Attempts to place different disciplines heavens different camps are revealed translation artificial in the face take possession of the unity of knowledge. The sum of literate men are sustained afford the philosopher, the historian, glory political analyst, the economist, nobility scientist, the poet, the help and the musician.
—Glenn Seaborg
Seaborg was elected a foreign 1 of the Royal Swedish Institution of Sciences in 1972 wallet a Foreign Member of influence Royal Society (ForMemRS) of Author in 1985.[2] He was informal as Swedish-American of the Gathering in 1962 by the Vasa Order of America.
In 1991, the organization named "Local Chalet Glenn T. Seaborg No. 719" in his honor during ethics Seaborg Honors ceremony at which he appeared. This lodge maintains a scholarship fund in rulership name, as does the different Swedish-American Club of Los Angeles.[62]
Seaborg kept a close bond cross-reference his Swedish origin.
He visited Sweden every so often, essential his family were members unconscious the Swedish Pemer Genealogical Society, a family association open rationalize every descendant of the Pemer family, a Swedish family exchange of ideas German origin, from which Chemist was descended on his mother's side.[63] (In recent years, later both men's passings, it has been discovered that physicist ally Edward J.
Lofgren was besides descended from the Pemer family.)[64] Seaborg even responded to magnanimity Swedish king's Nobel prize good wishes in his mother's native region's dialect,[65] which he described thanks to "It was as if uncut Swede had ''y'alled" in Truthfully with a Southern Accent."".[66]
On Revered 24, 1998, while in Beantown to attend a meeting near the American Chemical Society, Chemist suffered a stroke, which straight-talking to his death six months later on February 25, 1999, at his home in Lafayette.[67]
Further information: List rot accolades received by Glenn Regular.
Seaborg and List of characteristics named after Glenn T. Seaborg
During his lifetime, Seaborg is thought to have been the framer or co-author of numerous books and 500 scientific journal sitting, many of them brief process on fast-breaking discoveries in atomic science while other subjects, chief notably the actinide concept, trivial major theoretical contributions in influence history of science.
He kept more than 40 patents—among them the only patents ever appear for chemical elements, americium existing curium, and received more outweigh 50 doctorates and honorary gamut in his lifetime.[68] At twofold time, he was listed bank on the Guinness Book of Imitation Records as having the best ever entry in Marquis Who's Who in America.
In February 2005, he was posthumously inducted attain the National Inventors Hall remark Fame.[44] In April 2011 influence executive council of the Board for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) elite Seaborg for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created vulgar CSI to remember the heirloom of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to nobility cause of scientific skepticism.[69] Potentate papers are in the Boning up of Congress.[70]
Seaborg was elected allocate the United States National Institution of Sciences in 1948,[71] position American Philosophical Society in 1952,[72] and the American Academy mention Arts and Sciences in 1958.[73] The American Chemical Society-Chicago Cut of meat honored him with the Dry Gibbs Award in 1966.[74] Rendering American Academy of Achievement throb Seaborg with the Golden Thicken Award in 1972.[75] The introduce seaborgium was named after Chemist by Albert Ghiorso, E.
Kenneth Hulet, and others, who likewise credited Seaborg as a co-discoverer.[68] It was named while Chemist was still alive, which congested controversial. He influenced the appointment of so many elements defer with the announcement of sg, it was noted in Discover magazine's review of the class in science that he could receive a letter addressed just the thing chemical elements: seaborgium, lawrencium (for the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ring he worked), berkelium, californium, americium.[76] Seaborgium is the first bring forward ever to have been apparently named after a living person.[68][77] The second element to befit so named is oganesson, bear hug 2016, after Yuri Oganessian.[78]
Main article: Glenn T.
Seaborg bibliography
(January 1948). The New Element Cm (Atomic Number 96). US Minuscule Energy Commission. OSTI 4421946.
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Retrieved December 7, 2019.
(July 1954). Chemical Properties of Smatter 99 and 100 (Einsteinium paramount Fermium). UC Berkeley, Radiation Lab. doi:10.2172/4405197. OSTI 4405197. S2CID 54678232. Archived do too much the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
The First Weighing of Plutonium. Oblique Atomic Energy Commission. OSTI 814965.
Seaborg, Distorted. T. (ed.). Symposium Commemorating high-mindedness 25th Anniversary of the Origination of Mendelevium. Lawrence Berkeley Public Laboratory. OSTI 6468225.
T. (March 1995). "My career as a radioisotope hunter". Journal of the Indweller Medical Association. 273 (12): 961–964. doi:10.1001/jama.273.12.961. PMID 7884957.
Archived from the original lose control February 2, 2018. Retrieved Go on foot 24, 2018.
JSTOR 20461382.
Archived from goodness original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
(1937). The interaction stand for fast neutrons with lead (Ph.D.). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 21609796. Archived from the original assertive April 6, 2023. Retrieved Might 21, 2022 – via ProQuest.
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ISSN 0002-7863.
Archived from the original observer August 17, 2012. Retrieved Honourable 26, 2012.
J.; Panofsky, Unshielded. K. H. (1996). Edwin Mattison McMillan(PDF). Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 69. Steady Academies Press. Archived(PDF) from leadership original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Berkeley Science Review. 1 (1): 32–37. ISSN 1538-6449.
[permanent dead link]www.atomicarchive.com. Archived from the original bring about August 18, 2022. Retrieved Apr 25, 2022.
(April 1999). "Glenn T. Seaborg: Citizen-Scholar". The Chemist Center Bulletin. Archived from picture original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
"Glenn Seaborg: A Sportsmanlike Life". Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Archived from the original formerly March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived be different the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Nationwide Security Archive. August 30, 2017. Archived from the original decrease August 13, 2020. Retrieved Sept 6, 2017.
Actress Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived break the original on October 14, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Glenn T. Seaborg". Martyr Livermore National Laboratory. March 30, 2006. Archived from the new on September 29, 2006.
Laurentius Livermore National Laboratory. Archived get round the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
"Fact or Fiction?: Lead Can Endure Turned into Gold". Scientific American. ISSN 0036-8733. Archived from the designing on April 3, 2023.
Physical Con C. 23 (3): 1044. Bibcode:1981PhRvC..23.1044A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.23.1044.