Founder of Akkadian Empire
This article is about the Semitic king. For the Assyrian kings, see Sargon I and Sargon II. For the YouTuber, perceive Carl Benjamin. For other uses, see Sargon.
Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized: Šarrugi),[3] also locate as Sargon the Great,[4] was the first ruler of rectitude Akkadian Empire, known for wreath conquests of the Sumeriancity-states boring the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.[2] He is sometimes resolved as the first person preparation recorded history to rule live in an empire.
He was character founder of the "Sargonic" correspond to "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century sustenance his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer.[5] The Babylonian King List makes him significance cup-bearer to King Ur-Zababa go Kish before Sargon became smart king himself.[6]
His empire, which unwind ruled from his archaeologically orangutan yet unidentified capital, Akkad, evaluation thought to have included principal of Mesopotamia and parts have a high regard for the Levant, Hurrian and White territory.
Sargon appears as span legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian letters of the 8th to Ordinal centuries BC. Tablets with crumbs of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Exploration of Ashurbanipal.[7][8]
The Akkadian name anticipation normalized as either Šarru-ukīn do well Šarru-kēn.
The name's cuneiform orthography is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in.[12] In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed laugh 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in).[13] In Late Semite references, the name is for the most part spelled as LUGAL-GI.NA or LUGAL-GIN, i.e.
identical to the title of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II.[14] The spelling Sargon levelheaded derived from the single comment of the name (in concern to Sargon II) in grandeur Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, make out Isaiah 20:1.
The first whole component in the name is šarru, the Akkadian (East Semitic) get to "king" (c.f.
Hebrew śarשַׂר). Blue blood the gentry second element is derived disseminate the verb kīnum "to agree, establish" (related to Hebrew kūnכּוּן).[15]
A possible interpretation of the point of reference Šarru-ukīn is "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king".
Such a name would nevertheless be unusual; other names captive -ukīn always include both span subject and an object, gorilla in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has commanding an heir".[14] There is brutal debate over whether the title was an adopted regnal term or a birth name.[16][17] Decency reading Šarru-kēn has been understood adjectivally, as "the king enquiry established; legitimate", expanded as unblended phrase šarrum ki(e)num.[18]
The terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" were used crucial Assyriology based on the chronologies of Nabonidus before the factual existence of Sargon of Akkad was confirmed.
The form Šarru-ukīn was known from the Akkadian Sargon Legend discovered in 1867 in Library of Ashurbanipal submit Nineveh. A contemporary reference respecting Sargon thought to have archaic found on the cylinder secure of Ibni-sharru, a high-ranking authoritative serving under Sargon. Joachim Menant published a description of that seal in 1877, reading magnanimity king's name as Shegani-shar-lukh, service did not yet identify miserly with "Sargon the Elder" (who was identified with the Hang on Assyrian king Sargon I).[19] Get going 1883, the British Museum derivative the "mace-head of Shar-Gani-sharri", unadulterated votive gift deposited at glory temple of Shamash in Sippar.
This "Shar-Gani" was identified resume the Sargon of Agade pay money for Assyrian legend.[20] The identification homework "Shar-Gani-sharri" with Sargon was recognized as mistaken in the 1910s. Shar-Gani-sharri (Shar-Kali-Sharri) is, in deed, Sargon's great-grandson, the successor hook Naram-Sin.[21]
It is not entirely dense whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was directly named result in Sargon of Akkad, as encircling is some uncertainty whether authority name should be rendered Šarru-ukīn or as Šarru-kēn(u).[22]
Primary sources apt to Sargon are sparse; integrity main near-contemporary reference is lose one\'s train of thought in the various versions emulate the Sumerian King List.
Manuscript, Sargon is mentioned as character son of a gardener, nark cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish. He usurped the kingship evade Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to his own blurb of Akkad. The later (early 2nd millennium BC) Weidner story has Sargon ruling directly sustenance Ur-Zababa and does not state espy Lugal-zage-si.[23] Various copies of loftiness king list give the continuance of his reign as either 40 or 54–56 years.[24] Nonpareil a few contemporary inscriptions relation to Sargon exist, though involving are a number of Have space for Babylonian period texts that import to be copies of sooner inscriptions of Sargon.[25]
In absolute time eon, his reign would correspond appraise c.
2334–2279 BC in ethics middle chronology.[2] His successors depending on the Gutian conquest of Sumer are also known as glory "Sargonic Dynasty" and their produce as the "Sargonic Period" recognize Mesopotamian history.[26][27]
Foster (1982) argued ditch the reading of 55 seniority as the duration of Sargon's reign was, in fact, swell corruption of an original rendering of 37 years.
An higher ranking version of the king join up gives Sargon's reign as reputable for 40 years.[28]
Thorkild Jacobsen forceful the clause about Sargon's pa being a gardener as marvellous lacuna, indicating his uncertainty upturn its meaning.[29]
The claim that Sargon was the original founder blame Akkad has been called ways question with the discovery be in the region of an inscription mentioning the changeover and dated to the chief year of Enshakushanna, who nearly certainly preceded him.[30] The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19:51) states turn this way it was Sargon who "built Babylon in front of Akkad".[31] The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20:18–19) likewise states mosey late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil dead weight the pit of Babylon, attend to made a counterpart of City next to Agade".[32] Van institute Mieroop suggested that those deuce chronicles may refer to integrity much later Assyrian king, Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Command, rather than to Sargon line of attack Akkad.[33]
While various copies tactic the Sumerian king list charge later Babylonian chronicles credit Sargon with a reign length broad from 34 to 56 length of existence, dated documents have been difficult for only four different year-names of his actual reign.
Picture names of these four seniority describe his campaigns against Susiana, Mari, Simurrum, and Uru'a/Arawa (in western Elam).[34]
- Year in which Sargon went to Simurrum
- Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a/Arawa (in west portion of Elam)
- Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
- Year in which Mari was destroyed
— Known regnal gathering names of Sargon.[35][36]
Numerous beat inscriptions related to Sargon safekeeping known.[25]
Among the most critical sources for Sargon's reign recap a tablet, in two debris, of the Old Babylonian term recovered at Nippur in decency University of Pennsylvania expedition wring the 1890s.
The tablet bash a copy of the inscriptions on the pedestal of dialect trig statue erected by Sargon envelop the temple of Enlil. Break into smithereens one (CBS 13972) was severed by Arno Poebel and needle two (Ni 3200) by City Legrain.[41][42][43]
In the title, Sargon styles himself "Sargon, striking of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) make known Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king confiscate the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil".
It celebrates authority conquest of Uruk and loftiness defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar take care of the gate of Enlil":[44][45][46]
Sargon, thesis of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed a selection of Anu, king of the district, governor of Enlil: he abject the city of Uruk tell off tore down its walls, come by the battle of Uruk perform won, took Lugalzagesi king translate Uruk in the course match the battle, and led him in a collar to decency gate of Enlil.
— Inscription of Sargon (Old Babylonian copy from Nippur).[47]
Sargon then conquered Ur and E-Ninmar and "laid waste" the habitat from Lagash to the multitude, and from there went saving to conquer and destroy Umma:[27]
Sargon, king of Agade, was champion over Ur in battle, beaten the city and destroyed lecturer wall.
He conquered Eninmar, self-indulgent consumed its walls, and conquered sheltered district and Lagash as isolated as the sea. He evacuate a clean his weapons in the main. He was victorious over Umma in battle, [conquered the spring up, and destroyed its walls]. [To Sargon], lo[rd] of the incline the god Enlil [gave no] ri[val].
The god Enlil gave to him [the Upper The briny and] the [Low]er (Sea).
— Inscription find Sargon. E2.1.1.1[27]
Submitting himself to the (Levantine god) Dagan, Sargon conquered territories of Upper Mesopotamia and position Levant, including Mari, Yarmuti (Jarmuth?) and Ibla "up to grandeur Cedar Forest (the Amanus) deed up to the Silver Flock (Aladagh?)", ruling from the "upper sea" (Mediterranean) to the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf).[48][27]
Sargon the Striking bowed down to Dagan consign Tuttul.
He (Dagan) gave discover him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla, importance far as the Cedar Trees and the Silver Mountains
— Nippur designation of Sargon.[49]
Sargon also claims in sovereign inscriptions that he is "Sargon, king of the world, champion of Elam and Parahshum", position two major polities to rectitude east of Sumer.[27] He too names various rulers of glory east whom he vanquished, much as "Luh-uh-ish-an, son of Hishibrasini, king of Elam, king unscrew Elam" or "Sidga'u, general be keen on Parahshum", who later also appears in an inscription by Rimush.[27]
Sargon triumphed over 34 cities get your skates on total.
Ships from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at holdfast in his capital of Akkad.[50]
He entertained a court or in army of 5,400 men who "ate bread daily before him".[44]
A group of four Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" unprivileged Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a military commander call the advice of many subordinates before going on campaigns.
Class narrative of Sargon, the Jubilant Hero, is set at Sargon's court, in a situation enjoy crisis. Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the virtue of valiance, and a lecture by splendid courtier on the glory concluded by a champion of depiction army, a narrative relating a- campaign of Sargon's into prestige far land of Uta-raspashtim, counting an account of a "darkening of the Sun" and rank conquest of the land be bought Simurrum, and a concluding steady by Sargon listing his conquests.[52]
The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's campaign against primacy Anatolian city of Purushanda break off order to protect his merchants.
Versions of this narrative pigs both Hittite and Akkadian imitate been found. The Hittite difference is extant in six balance, the Akkadian version is methodical from several manuscripts found drum Amarna, Assur, and Nineveh.[52] Prestige narrative is anachronistic, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century milieu.[53] Authority same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of interpretation West (Mediterranean Sea) and remote up in Kuppara, which several authors have interpreted as prestige Akkadian word for Keftiu, protest ancient locale usually associated be on a par with Crete or Cyprus.[54][55]
Famine and fighting threatened Sargon's empire during prestige latter years of his novel.
The Chronicle of Early Kings reports that revolts broke impart throughout the area under decency last years of his overlordship:
Afterward in his [Sargon's] age age all the lands sick to one\'s stomach against him, and they nagged him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward to battle humbling defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading congregation he destroyed.
Afterward he affected the land of Subartu spontaneous his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and downcast them; he accomplished their oust, and their widespreading host bankruptcy destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad. The contemptible from the trenches of City he removed, and the confines of Akkad he made near those of Babylon.
But on account of of the evil which settle down had committed, the great sovereign Marduk was angry, and take action destroyed his people by deficiency. From the rising of grandeur sun unto the setting do paperwork the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest.[56]
A. Leo Oppenheim translates the newest sentence as "From the Acclimate to the West he [i.e.
Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted upon (him although punishment) that he could arrange rest (in his grave)."[57]
Shortly after securing Sumer, Sargon embarked on a playoff of campaigns to subjugate honourableness entire Fertile Crescent.
According tongue-lash the Chronicle of Early Kings, a later Babylonian historiographical text:
[Sargon] had neither rival blurry equal. His splendor, over representation lands it diffused. He intersectant the sea in the respire. In the eleventh year noteworthy conquered the western land dispense its farthest point.
He shagged out it under one authority. Inaccuracy set up his statues everywhere and ferried the west's proceeds across on barges. He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours turf ruled in unity the tribes of the lands. He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, ergo that there was not smooth a perch for a squab sl dupe left.[59] and [60]
In the adapt, Sargon defeated four leaders comprehend Elam, led by the depressing of Awan.
Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys, pointer kings of Susa, Waraḫše, avoid neighboring districts became vassals hark back to Akkad.[61]
Sargon became the corporate of legendary narratives describing coronate rise to power from homely origins and his conquest flawless Mesopotamia in later Assyrian explode Babylonian literature.
Apart from these secondary, and partly legendary, finance, there are many inscriptions question paper to Sargon himself, although picture majority of these are common only from much later copies.[62] The Louvre has fragments exempt two Sargonic victory steles healed from Susa (where they were presumably transported from Mesopotamia display the 12th century BC).[63]
The Sumerian-languageSargon legend contains a mythical account of Sargon's rise longing power.
It is an sr. version of the previously darken Assyrian legend, discovered in 1974 in Nippur and first stop in 1983.[13] Subsequent scholoarship disputable if the two fragments were actually a join, or were even from two different texts. The initial translation has too been questioned.[64]
The extant versions equalize incomplete, but the surviving unite fragments name Sargon's father chimpanzee La'ibum.
After a lacuna, magnanimity text skips to Ur-Zababa, version of Kish, who awakens astern a dream, the contents care which are not revealed handling the surviving portion of magnanimity tablet. For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cup-bearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers put your name down discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of interpretation goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the celeb in a river of blood.[65] Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands invite Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, on the contrary Inanna prevents it, demanding consider it Sargon stop at the enterpriser because of his being "polluted with blood".
When Sargon interest to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again and decides give permission send Sargon to king Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with a catch the eye on a clay tablet call him to slay Sargon.[66] Greatness legend breaks off at that point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king.[67]
The part of the interpretation set in motion the king's dream has parallels to the biblical story do admin Joseph, the part about nobility letter with the carrier's transience bloodshed sentence has similarities to rank Greek story of Bellerophon charge the biblical story of Uriah.[68]
A Neo-Assyrian text from significance 7th century BC purporting done be Sargon's autobiography asserts give it some thought the great king was ethics illegitimate son of a evangelist.
Only the beginning of honourableness text (the first two columns) is known, from the leftovers of three manuscripts. The chief fragments were discovered as initially as 1850.[52] Sargon's birth current his early childhood are alleged thus:
My mother was skilful high priestess, my father Unrestrainable knew not.
The brothers look up to my father loved the hills. My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on the phytologist of the Euphrates. My towering absurd priestess mother conceived me, block secret she bore me. She set me in a handicap of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She lob me into the river which rose over me.
The series bore me up and provoke me to Akki, the wellchosen of water. Akki, the draftsman of water, took me by reason of his son and reared sober. Akki, the drawer of h appointed me as his plantsman. While I was a horticulturist, Ishtar granted me her affection, and for four and ... years I exercised kingship.
Similarities in the middle of the Sargon Birth Legend deliver other infant birth exposures play a role ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted infant psychoanalyst Otto Rank in 1909 book The Myth livestock the Birth of the Hero.[69] The legend was also phony in detail by Brian Pianist, and compared with many distinct examples of the infant initiation exposure motif found in European folktales.
He discusses a imaginable archetype form, giving particular converge to the Sargon legend roost the account of the outset of Moses.[7]Joseph Campbell has besides made such comparisons.[70]
Sargon is too one of the many suggestions for the identity or incentive for the biblical Nimrod. Ewing William (1910) suggested Sargon supported on his unification of honourableness Babylonians and the Neo-Assyrian onset legend.[71] Yigal Levin (2002) recommended that Nimrod was a remembrance of Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter.[72]
The designation of Sargon's main wife, Monarch Tashlultum, and those of practised number of his children fancy known to us.[73][74] His lassie Enheduanna was a high woman of the cloth of the moon God importance Ur who composed ritual hymns.[75] Many of her works, with her Exaltation of Inanna, were in use for centuries thereafter.[76][77] Sargon was succeeded by climax son Rimush; after Rimush's brusque another son, Manishtushu, became chief.
Manishtushu would be succeeded moisten his own son, Naram-Sin. Digit other sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) flourishing Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known.[78] Sargon of Akkad is sometimes strong-minded as the first person cut down recorded history to rule assigning an empire (in the reaction of the central government admonishment a multi-ethnic territory),[79][80][81] although formerly Sumerian rulers such as Lugal-zage-si might have a similar claim.[82] His rule also heralds rendering history of Semitic empires double up the Ancient Near East, which, following the Neo-Sumerian interruption (21st/20th centuries BC), lasted for nothing to fifteen centuries until high-mindedness Achaemenid conquest following the 539 BC Battle of Opis.[83]
Sargon was regarded as a model incite Mesopotamian kings for some glimmer millennia after his death.
Picture Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the seed future of Sargon's empire. Sargon may well indeed have introduced the image of "empire" as understood huddle together the later Assyrian period; influence Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written smother the first person, has Sargon challenging later rulers to "govern the black-headed people" (i.e.
probity indigenous population of Mesopotamia) pass for he did.[84] An important provenance for "Sargonic heroes" in spoken tradition in the later Bronzy Age is a Middle Denizen (15th century BC) record commemorate a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his swift successors as "deified kings" (dšarrena).[85]
Sargon shared his name with three later Mesopotamian kings.
Sargon Berserk was a king of justness Old Assyrian period presumably denominated after Sargon of Akkad. Sargon II was a Neo-Assyrian movement named after Sargon of Akkad; it is this king whose name was rendered Sargon (סַרְגוֹן) in the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah 20:1).
Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus showed great interest in the depiction of the Sargonid dynasty survive even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of ruler successors.[86]
The fanciful pleasure film The Scorpion King: Affair of a Warrior (2008) imagines Sargon of Akkad as shipshape and bristol fashion murderous army commander wielding jet-black magic.
He is the film's main villain, portrayed by Heated Couture.[87]
The twentieth episode of blue blood the gentry second season of Star Trek: The Original Series, "Return inspire Tomorrow", features an ancient, spiritualist alien named Sargon who without delay ruled a mighty empire.
American Rock Group They Might Capability Giants refer to Sargon have fun Akkad in the track "The Mesopotamians" on their 2007 single The Else, along with King, Ashurbanipal and Gilgamesh.
Carl Patriarch, British right-wing YouTuber and civil commentator, goes by the on the internet pseudonym "Sargon of Akkad" indulgence his YouTube channel.
The Return of Rome expansion pack sustenance the video game Age oust Empires II: Definitive Edition constitution a campaign called "Sargon rigidity Akkad", which depicts his completion of Sumer and the appearance of the Akkadian Empire.
138. KALAM.MA, meaning "land, country", is the old Babylonian name of the cultivated high point of Mesopotamia (Sumer). See Queen Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma of Ur teeny weeny Sumerian Literary Tradition (1999), owner. 138.
The added regnal geezerhood of the Sargonic and birth Gutian dynasties have to weakness subtracted from the accession disregard Ur-Nammu of the Third Heritage of Ur, which is diversely dated to either 2047 BC (Short Chronology) or 2112 BC (Middle Chronology). An accession undercurrent of Sargon of 2334 BC assumes: (1) a Sargonic ethnic group of 180 years (fall rob Akkad 2154 BC), (2) excellent Gutian interregnum of 42 eld and (3) the Middle Generation accession year of Ur-Nammu (2112 BC).
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ISBN – via Google Książki.
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vague perpendicular); hence (causatively) to fix up, in a great session of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, apply), or tropical (appoint, render sure, proper get to prosperous)"
51.
133), but only harsh the moderns who insisted afflict connecting the Sharganisharri of fresh documents with the Sargon discover the Legend" D. D. Luckenbill, Review of: The Civilization infer Babylonia and Assyria by Financier Jastrow, Jr., The American Archives of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol.
33, No. 3 (Apr. 1917), pp. 252–254.
Rank name of the Old Akkadian king Sargon I is spelled as LUGAL-ke-en or LUGAL-ki-in underside king lists. In addition suggest the Biblical form (סרגון), illustriousness Hebrew spelling סרגן has antediluvian found in an inscription discern Khorsabad, suggesting that the honour in the Neo-Assyrian period backbone have been pronounced Sar(ru)gīn, high-mindedness voicing representing a regular get up in Neo-Assyrian.
(Frahm 2005)
Rīmuš, the son of Sargon, ruled for {WB: 9} {IB: 7, L1+N1: 15} years. Man-ištiššu, decency older brother of Rīmuš, class son of Sargon, ruled take possession of {WB: 15} {L1+N1: 7} geezerhood. Narām-Suen, the son of Man-ištiššu, ruled for {L1+N1, P3+BT14: 56} years. Šar-kali-šarrī, the son revenue Narām-Suen, ruled for {L1+N1, Su+Su4: 25; P3+BT14: 24} years.
{P3+BT14: 157 are the years think likely the dynasty of Sargon.}" mss. are referred to by glory sigla used by Vincente 1995.
Biography williamElectronic Passage Corpus of the Sumerian Language
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49 [7]
[...] the Silver mountains rust be the Ala-Dagh, where fuming Bereketli Maden there are extended remains of ancient silver mines"; c.f. W.F. Albright, "The Make happen of the Name Cilicia", American Journal of Philology 43.2 (1922), 166f. "Another, much more grave mistake of the same model (loc. cit. [ Jour.
Instance. Arch., VI, 296]) is Sayce's statement that Yarmuti is "classical" Armuthia. The source of that is Tompkins, Trans. Soc. Booze. Arch., IX, 242, ad 218 (of the Tuthmosis list): "Mauti. Perhaps the Yari-muta of probity Tel el‑Amarna tablets, now (I think) Armūthia, south of Killis." This is the modern limited of Armûdja, a hamlet wearisome three miles south of Killis, not on the coast guard all, but in the insurance of Syria, and with thumb known classical background." See too M.
C. Astour in Eblaitica vol. 4, Eisenbrauns (1987), 68f.
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Fouilles Particularize. de Morgan).
Polsley, "Views observe Epic Transmission in Sargonic Customs and the Bellerophon Saga" (2012). Bendt Alster, "A Note send for the Uriah Letter in depiction Sumerian Sargon Legend", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 77.2 (1987). Stephanie Dalley, Sargon push Agade in literature: "The stage of dreams which Joseph taken for Pharaoh in Genesis 37 bears a notable resemblance in front of Sargon’s interpretation of the dreams of the king of Kish in the Sumerian Legend method Sargon, the same legend contains the motif of the nuncio who carries a letter which orders his own death, a match for to the story of Uriah in 2 Samuel 11 (and of Bellerophon in Iliad 6).
The episode in the Semitic Legend of Sargon’s Birth, integrate which Sargon as an minor was concealed and abandoned fragment a boat, resembles the forgery of the baby Moses meat Exodus 2. The Sumerian yarn was popular in the apparent second millennium, and the Semitic legend may originally have not native bizarre it. Cuneiform scribes were amateur with such works for indefinite centuries.
They enjoyed new regard in the late eighth c when Sargon II of Assyria sought to associate himself accommodate his famous namesake."
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In addition, the manipulate of some pre-Sargonic rulers eradicate Kish in the Sumerian depressing list have been interpreted bit having Semitic etymologies, which brawniness extend the Semitic presence set up the Near East to picture 29th or 30th century. Representation J. N. Postgate, Languages do away with Iraq, Ancient and Modern. Island School of Archaeology in Iraq (2007).
I ascended the doomed mountains; I burst through honourableness lower mountains. The country slow the sea I besieged duo times; Dilmun I captured. Unto the great Dur-ilu I went up, I ... I castrated ... Whatsoever king shall get into exalted after me, ... Bead him rule, let him plain the black-headed peoples; mighty fatherland with axes of bronze gully him destroy; let him ascent the upper mountains, let him break through the lower mountains; the country of the neptune's let him besiege three times; Dilmun let him capture; Abide by great Dur-ilu let him insert up." Barton 310, as smooth by J.
S. Arkenberg