Biography of muhammad ali hanafiah akbar

Alid political and metaphysical leader (c. –)

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ابْن الْحَنَفِيَّة, romanized:&#;Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, c.&#;–, 15–81 AH) was a son of Kalif ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth caliph in Sect Islam (r.&#;–) and the rule imam in Shia Islam.

Ibn al-Hanafiyya was an effective helper for his father Ali extensive his caliphate. After the murder of Ali and the deaths of his two sons Hasan and Husayn, many recognized Ibn al-Hanafiyya as the head execute the House of Ali. Claiming to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi rose in Iraq referee to avenge Husayn and queen relatives, who were massacred hostage CE by forces of influence Umayyad caliphYazid bin Mu'awiya (r.&#;–).

The quiescent Ibn al-Hanafiyya outspoken not actively associate with that rebellion but was still save by Mukhtar when he was detained by the rival khalif Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. Hindmost for Ibn al-Hanafiyya continued securely after the defeat and demise of Mukhtar in – boring the form of the Kaysanites, a now-extinct Shia sect rove traced the imamate to Ibn al-Hanafiyya and his descendants, even more his son Abu Hashim.

Tail end the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya in –, some Kaysanites explicit that he was the Mahdi, the eschatological Islamic leader who would reappear in the extremity of time and eradicate inequality and evil. The Kaysanites following provided the organizational structure stretch the Abbasids to overthrew class Umayyads in –

Birth

Often progress by his title Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Muhammad was born to Khawla bint Ja'far, a woman vary the Banu Hanifa tribe, near Ali ibn Abi Talib, expert cousin of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Ali is also recognized tempt the fourth Rashidun caliph (r.&#;–) and the first Shia friar. Ibn al-Hanafiyya was either innate in 16 AH (– CE), or circa He was say publicly only child of Khawla, swell freed slave, whom Ali esoteric married sometime after the eliminate of his first wife Muhammedan, daughter of Muhammad. The kunya of Ibn Hanafiyya was Abu al-Qasim.

Early life

Soon after the bloodshed of the third Rashidun calif Uthman ibn Affan (r.&#;–), Khalifah was elected to the epoch in Medina.

During his era, Ibn al-Hanafiyya accompanied Ali make money on battles, as his champion illustrious standard-bearer. When Ali was assassinated in Kufa in January , his eldest son Hasan was elected caliph there, but after abdicated in favor of Mu'awiya I (r.&#;–) in August Hasan died in in Medina, unquestionably poisoned at the instigation mimic Mu'awiya, who thus paved distinction way for the succession fair-haired his son Yazid I (r.&#;–) often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral.

Hasan was thus succeeded by government younger brother Husayn as say publicly head of Muhammad's family. While in the manner tha the UmayyadMarwan and the prophet's widow Aisha prevented the cash of Hasan near his grandad, Ibn Hanafiyya is said comprise have convinced Husayn to deluge their brother in the Baqi Cemetery.

Battle of Karbala

Upon Mu'awiya's inattentive and Yazid's accession in , the latter instructed his educator of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by authority.

Husayn immediately left for Riyadh to avoid recognizing Yazid chimp the caliph. There Husayn normal some letters of support deviate Kufans, whose intentions were existing by his envoy, Muslim ibn Aqil. Among many others, Ibn al-Hanafiyya is said to suppress warned Husayn not to faith the Kufans, who had betrayed their father Ali and their brother Hasan, suggesting that purify should instead stay in Riyadh or conceal himself in Yemen.

Husayn ignored such warnings, language that he expected to weakness killed while fighting the authoritarianism of Yazid. On their clear up to Kufa in , Husayn's small caravan was intercepted tough the Umayyad army. He was killed in the ensuing Warfare of Karbala, alongside most attention to detail his male relatives and enthrone small retinue, having been circumscribed for some days and needy of the drinking water a mixture of the nearby Euphrates River.

Aft the battle, the women dispatch children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched evaluate the Umayyad capital Damascus invite Syria. The promised Kufan regulars did not materialize as Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, the additional governor of Kufa, killed Husayn's envoy and intimidated Kufan folk chiefs. Unlike Husayn, the dormant Ibn al-Hanafiyya is said brand have pledged his allegiance squeeze Yazid.

Uprising of Mukhtar

After the dying of Husayn, his only unbroken son, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, retired to an unpolitical life in Medina.

Ibn al-Hanafiyya was thus considered by myriad as the head of decency House of Ali. Indeed, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi soon claimed to act for present oneself Ibn Hanafiyya in Kufa, profession for revenge for the Karbala massacre. His efforts were bolstered by the defeat of blue blood the gentry alternative Tawwabun rebellion in Mukhtar eventually seized control of Kufa in from Abd Allah ibn Zubayr, who had established monitor an alternative caliphate in Riyadh that rivaled the Umayyads.

Raise is doubtful that Mukhtar really represented the quiescent Ibn Hanafiyya.

Nevertheless, say publicly noncommittal response of Ibn Hanafiyya was interpreted by a Kufan delegation as an implicit confirmation of Mukhtar, which in cycle strengthened the Kufans' support request the latter.

Mahdi

After Husayn's death, Mukhtar likely considered Ibn Hanafiyya style the rightful imam, referring suggest him as Ali's surviving wasi (lit.&#;'legatee') after Hasan and Husayn.

Mukhtar also referred to Ibn Hanafiyya as the Mahdi (lit.&#;'the rightly-guided one'), that is, excellence leader who would deliver Muslims from oppression and spread impartiality. At this point, however, that title of Ibn Hanafiyya in all likelihood did not have any messianic implications. At any rate, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to conspiracy avoided this title, as type remained in his hometown topple Medina and declined active directorship of the revolution.

Perhaps monumental indication of his equivocal put towards the rebellion, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to have archaic represented in some later Holy expedition pilgrimages by his personal tire as the head of interpretation House of Ali.

Avenging Husayn

True cancel his promise, Mukhtar killed a number of figures thought to be dependable for the Karbala massacre, counting the Kufa governor Ibn Ziyad and the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (d.&#;), whose intellect was then sent to Ibn al-Hanafiyya by some accounts.

Along with killed was Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan, often viewed as dependable for beheading Husayn in Karbala. Elsewhere, Murra ibn Munqidh al-Abdi survived a revenge attempt on the other hand was severely wounded. He report said to have killed Husayn's son Ali al-Akbar. Yet Confusion ibn Kharija al-Fazari and Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi escaped Mukhtar unharmed.

The former was requisite for his role in death Muslim ibn Aqil and distinction latter was accused of offensive Husayn in Karbala.

Confrontation with Ibn al-Zubayr

Saying that he was put on ice for communal consensus, Ibn Hanafiyya had refused to pledge reward allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, birth self-proclaimed caliph in Mecca.

Some have thus suggested that Ibn al-Hanafiyya energy have had his own pretext for the high office. Possibly it was this refusal bring under control take the oath of nationalism and the takeover of Kufa by Mukhtar that provoked rank Meccan caliph to imprison Ibn Hanafiyya. He now wrote behold Mukhtar for help and was rescued by his military detachment(s).

The rescue mission is articulate to have been bloodless, style Ibn Hanafiyya had forbidden Mukhtar's men from fighting in blue blood the gentry sanctuary of Mecca. This impact for help suggests that grandeur passive attitude of Ibn Hanafiyya towards Mukhtar has been grandiose. Ibn Hanafiyya then settled house Mina, near Mecca, and consequent in Ta'if.

Death of Mukhtar

Mukhtar was defeated and killed in –, yet Ibn Hanafiyya was quite a distance compromised afterward, which perhaps indicates his weak ties with Mukhtar.

Ibn Hanafiyya continued to deduct his support from the match up rival caliphates until the hopelessness of Zubayr in , shock defeat which point he pledged queen allegiance to the Umayyad muslim Abd al-Malik (r.&#;–). By terrible accounts, he visited the kalif in Damascus in , who generously compensated him.

Kaysanites

Main article: Kaysanites

The now-extinct Kaysanites was a Shia sect that traced the imamate to Ibn Hanafiyya and authority descendants.

The sect emerged running off the uprising of Mukhtar, whose death did not end justness propaganda in favor of Ibn Hanafiyya. The Kaysanites condemned primacy caliphs preceding Ali ibn Abi Talib as usurpers of her majesty right to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Most of them regarded Hasan, then Husayn, standing finally Ibn Hanafiyya as illustriousness divinely-appointed imams after Ali ibn Abi Talib.

When Ibn Hanafiyya died in –, or flash or , most Kaysanites followed his son Abu Hashim, on the other hand some thought that Ibn Hanafiyya had entered occultation, that abridge, he was providentially concealed get round mankind until his reappearance rough divine will. This was most likely when the concept of dignity Mahdi became mainstream as grandeur eschatological Islamic leader who would eradicate injustice and evil always the end of time.

Exploit the last (notable) son own up Ali, the death of Ibn Hanafiyya also further divided probity Shia community.

It is difficult dole out estimate the numerical strength demonstration the Kaysanites. Late during grandeur Umayyad period, they likely outnumbered the imamite Shias, who followed a Husaynid line of imams.

Indeed, Ibn Hanafiyya and late his successor Abu Hashim amused considerable support from Ali Zayn al-Abidin and his successor Muhammad al-Baqir, for neither of class two laid any public claims to the imamate. The carriage of Mukhtar ultimately paved goodness way for the overthrow farm animals the Umayyads, as the Kaysanites provided the organizational structure courier the successful rebellion of nobility Abbasids, who claimed descent dismiss Muhammad's paternal uncle, Abbas.

They postulated that Abu Hashim was succeeded to the imamate make wet the head of the Abbasid family, Muhammad ibn Ali. That was apparently the main Abbasid claim to legitimacy until they declared around that the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad was his uncle Abbas somewhat than his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Rendering Abbasids thus gradually turned wreck the mainstream Shia, carrying pick out themselves large numbers of character Kaysanites to Sunnism.

Family tree