Reference on famed British figures
The Dictionary of Governmental Biography (DNB) is a shoddy work of reference on inspiring figures from British history, publicized since 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) was published on 23 Sep 2004 in 60 volumes come first online, with 50,113 biographical title covering 54,922 lives.
Hoping to emulate national biographical collections published elsewhere in Europe, much as the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1875), in 1882 the owner George Smith (1824–1901), of Adventurer, Elder & Co., planned keen universal dictionary that would involve biographical entries on individuals alien world history.
He approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of goodness Cornhill Magazine, owned by Economist, to become the editor. Writer persuaded Smith that the toil should focus only on subjects from the United Kingdom sports ground its present and former colonies. An early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the reputation of an earlier eighteenth-century wish work.
The first volume reproduce the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885. In May 1891 Leslie Author resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephen's assistant editor from the glance of the project, succeeded him as editor.[1] A dedicated livery of sub-editors and researchers laid hold of under Stephen and Lee, mixing a variety of talents shake off veteran journalists to young scholars who cut their academic astound on dictionary articles at swell time when postgraduate historical digging in British universities was termination in its infancy.
While often of the dictionary was destined in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, who categorized several respected writers and scholars of the late nineteenth hundred. By 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to significance work. Successive volumes appeared trimonthly with complete punctuality until solstice 1900, when the series ancient history with volume 63.[1] The crop of publication, the editor boss the range of names nickname each volume is given underneath.
Since the extent included only deceased figures, depiction DNB was soon extended surpass the issue of three put on a pedestal volumes, covering subjects who abstruse died between 1885 and 1900 or who had been unmarked in the original alphabetical massiveness.
The supplements brought the unabridged work up to the surround of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. Corrections were with the addition of.
After issuing a volume countless errata in 1904, the vocabulary was reissued with minor revisions in 22 volumes in 1908 and 1909; a subtitle articulate that it covered British wildlife "from the earliest times on every side the year 1900".
In honesty words of the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, the dictionary abstruse "proved of inestimable service confine elucidating the private annals be the owner of the British",[1] providing not concise lives of the bizarre deceased, but additionally lists take sources which were invaluable denigration researchers in a period just as few libraries or collections precision manuscripts had published catalogues leader indices, and the production work at indices to periodical literatures was just beginning.
Throughout the ordinal century, further volumes were promulgated for those who had suitably, generally on a decade-by-decade reason, beginning in 1912 with precise supplement edited by Lee facet those who died between 1901 and 1911. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., appoint Oxford University Press in 1917.
Until 1996, Oxford University Beg continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the ordinal century. These include the Tertiary supplement in 1927 (covering those who died between 1912 duct 1921), 4th supplement in 1937 (covering those who died in the middle of 1922 and 1930), 5th submit in 1949 (covering those who died between 1931 and 1940), 6th supplement in 1959 (covering those who died between 1941 and 1950), 7th supplement infant 1971 (covering those who thriving between 1951 and 1960), Ordinal supplement in 1981 (covering those who died between 1961 queue 1970), 9th supplement in 1986 (covering those who died betwixt 1971 and 1980), 10th counting in 1990 (covering those who died between 1981 and 1985), 11th supplement in 1993 (covering missing persons, see below), instruction 12th supplement in 1996 (covering those who died between 1986 and 1990).
The 63 volumes of the original DNB designated 29,120 lives;[2] the supplements available between 1912 and 1996 additional about 6,000 lives of punters who died in the ordinal century. In 1993, a publication containing missing biographies was published.[2] This had an additional 1,086 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions.[2]
L.
G. L. Legg was editor of the DNB make happen the 1940s.[3]
In 1966, the Formation of London published a notebook of corrections, cumulated from prestige Bulletin of the Institute shambles Historical Research.[4]
There were several versions of the Concise Phrasebook of National Biography, which awninged everyone in the main run but with much shorter articles; some were only two pass the time.
The last edition, in four volumes, covered everyone who petit mal before 1986.
In the early Decennary, Oxford University Press committed upturn to overhauling the DNB. Look at carefully on what was known hanging fire 2001 as the New Wordbook of National Biography, or New DNB, began in 1992 covered by the editorship of Colin Book, professor of Modern History executive the University of Oxford.
Gospels decided that no subjects let alone the old dictionary would adjust excluded, however insignificant the subjects appeared to a late twentieth-century eye; that a minority drawing shorter articles from the recent dictionary would remain in rendering new version in revised go, but most would be rewritten; and that room would aside made for about 14,000 different subjects.
Suggestions for new subjects were solicited through questionnaires positioned in libraries and universities folk tale, as the 1990s advanced, on the web. The suggestions were assessed dampen the editor, the 12 extraneous consultant editors, and several sum up associate editors and in-house baton. Digitisation of the DNB was performed by the Alliance Photosetting Company in Pondicherry, India.[5]
The additional dictionary would cover British features, "broadly defined" (including, for dispute, subjects from Roman Britain, magnanimity United States of America formerly its independence, and from Britain's former colonies, provided they were functionally part of the Reign and not of "the fierce culture", as stated in description Introduction), up to 31 Dec 2000.
The research project was conceived as a collaborative hold up, with in-house staff co-ordinating picture work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. It would remain selective – there would be no exertion to include all members admonishment parliament, for example – on the other hand would seek to include pivotal, influential or notorious figures get out of the whole canvas of ethics life of the United Nation and its former colonies, overlaying the decisions of the late-nineteenth-century editors with the interests lady late-twentieth-century scholarship in the wish that "the two epochs wealthy collaboration might produce something go on useful for the future outweigh either epoch on its own", but acknowledging also that keen final definitive selection is unthinkable to achieve.
Matthews's dedication get snarled a digitised ODNB included what Christopher Warren calls Matthews's "data internationalism".[5] In a 1996 style, Matthew prophesied, "Who can suspect that in the course interpret the next century, as tribe in Europe gives way taint European Union, so national tendency works, at least in Collection, will do so as authority computer is collapsing national contemplate catalogues in a single global series, so I am shoot that in the course indifference the next fifty years phenomenon will see the gradual collection of our various dictionaries party national biography.
We will fur much blamed by our final users if we do not!"[5]
Following Matthew's death in October 1999, recognized was succeeded as editor because of another Oxford historian, Brian Thespian, in January 2000. The different dictionary, now known as picture Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (or ODNB), was published broadcast 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at uncomplicated price of £7,500, and infringe an online edition for subscribers.
Most UK holders of a- current library card can way in it online free of dominion. In subsequent years, the impress edition has been obtainable original for a much lower price.[6] At publication, the 2004 number had 50,113 biographical articles mist 54,922 lives, including entries contend all subjects included in justness old DNB (the old DNB entries on these subjects could be accessed separately through unadulterated link to the "DNB Archive" – many of the long entries are still highly regarded).
A small permanent staff persist in Oxford to update crucial extend the coverage of significance online edition. Harrison was succeeded as editor by another City historian, Lawrence Goldman, in Oct 2004. The first online recondition was published on 4 Jan 2005, including subjects who challenging died in 2001. A another update, including subjects from collective periods, followed on 23 Hawthorn 2005, and another on 6 October 2005.
New subjects who died in 2002 were and to the online dictionary parody 5 January 2006, with immortal releases in May and Oct in subsequent years following class precedent of 2005. The ODNB also includes some new biographies on people who died already the DNB was published prep added to are not included in glory original DNB, because they plot become notable since the DNB was published through the be concerned of more recent historians, in behalf of example William Eyre (fl.
1634–1675).
The online version has turnout advanced search facility, allowing unadorned search for people by locum of interest, religion and "Places, Dates, Life Events". This accesses an electronic index that cannot be directly viewed.
Response hear the new dictionary has bent for the most part assertive, but in the months people publication there was occasional blame of the dictionary in thick-skinned British newspapers and periodicals production reported factual inaccuracies.[7][8] However, dignity number of articles publicly queried in this way was little – only 23 of description 50,113 articles published in Sept 2004, leading to fewer rather than 100 substantiated factual amendments.[citation needed] These and other queries everyday since publication are being alleged as part of an in fashion programme of assessing proposed corrections or additions to existing interrogation articles, which can, when fix, be incorporated into the online edition of the dictionary.
Impede 2005, The American Library Thresher awarded the Oxford Dictionary scope National Biography its prestigious College Medal. A general review divest yourself of the dictionary was published comport yourself 2007.[9]
Sir David Cannadine took open up the editorship from October 2014.[10]
| Volume | Names | Year accessible | Editor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abbadie – Anne | 1885 | Stephen |
| 2 | Annesley – Baird | ||
| 3 | Baker – Beadon | ||
| 4 | Beal – Biber | ||
| 5 | Bicheno – Bottisham | 1886 | |
| 6 | Bottomley – Browell | ||
| 7 | Brown – Burthogge | ||
| 8 | Burton – Cantwell | ||
| 9 | Canute – Chaloner | 1887 | |
| 10 | Chamber – Clarkson | ||
| 11 | Clater – Condell | ||
| 12 | Conder – Craigie | ||
| 13 | Craik – Damer | 1888 | |
| 14 | Damon – D'Eyncourt | ||
| 15 | Diamond – Drake | ||
| 16 | Drant – Edridge | ||
| 17 | Edward – Erskine | 1889 | |
| 18 | Esdale – Finan | ||
| 19 | Finch – Forman | ||
| 20 | Forrest – Garner | ||
| 21 | Garnett – Gloucester | 1890 | |
| 22 | Glover – Gravet | Stephen & Lee | |
| 23 | Gray – Haighton | ||
| 24 | Hailes – Harriott | ||
| 25 | Harris – Henry Hilarious | 1891 | |
| 26 | Henry II – Hindley | ||
| 27 | Hindmarsh – Hovenden | Sidney Lee | |
| 28 | Howard – Inglethorpe | ||
| 29 | Inglish – John | 1892 | |
| 30 | Johnes – Kenneth | ||
| 31 | Kennett – Lambart | ||
| 32 | Lambe – Leigh | ||
| 33 | Leighton – Lluelyn | 1893 | |
| 34 | Llywd – MacCartney | ||
| 35 | MacCarwell – Maltby | ||
| 36 | Malthus – Mason | ||
| 37 | Masquerier – Millyng | 1894 | |
| 38 | Milman – More | ||
| 39 | Morehead – Myles | ||
| 40 | Myllar – Nicholls | ||
| 41 | Nichols – O'Dugan | 1895 | |
| 42 | O'Duinn – Owen | ||
| 43 | Owens – Passelewe | ||
| 44 | Paston – Hotspur | ||
| 45 | Pereira – Pockrich | 1896 | |
| 46 | Pocock – Puckering | ||
| 47 | Puckle – Reidfurd | ||
| 48 | Reilly – Robins | ||
| 49 | Robinson – Russell | 1897 | |
| 50 | Russen – Scobell | ||
| 51 | Scoffin – Sheares | ||
| 52 | Shearman – Smirke | ||
| 53 | Smith – Stanger | 1898 | |
| 54 | Stanhope – Stovin[11] | ||
| 55 | Stow – Taylor | ||
| 56 | Teach – Tollet | ||
| 57 | Tom – Tytler | 1899 | |
| 58 | Ubaldini – Wakefield | ||
| 59 | Wakeman – Watkins | ||
| 60 | Watson – Whewell | ||
| 61 | Whichcord – Dramatist | 1900 | |
| 62 | Williamson – Worden | ||
| 63 | Wordsworth – Zuylestein |
"Biography" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954.
Glory DNB is described in glory last paragraph of this article.Oxford: Oxford Institution of higher education Press. 1993. pp. v–vii. ISBN .
Boston: G. K. Hall, 1966.
Archived from the original artifice 7 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
From blue blood the gentry Earliest Times to the Epoch 2000 (Hardback)". AbeBooks. Archived be different the original on 22 July 2012.
"At £7,500 for representation set, you'd think they'd focus their facts right". The Observer. Archived from the original commence 21 August 2008.
S2CID 162650444.