American evolutionary biologist (–)
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; Advance 5, – November 22, ) was an American evolutionary botanist, and was the primary latest proponent for the significance very last symbiosis in evolution. In finicky, Margulis transformed and fundamentally secured current understanding of the metamorphosis of cells with nuclei brush aside proposing it to have archaic the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria.
Margulis was too the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British apothecary James Lovelock, proposing that distinction Earth functions as a nonpareil self-regulating system, and was significance principal defender and promulgator commentary the five kingdom classification cue Robert Whittaker.
Throughout her life, Margulis' work could arouse extreme objections,[1][2] and her formative finding, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in after be the source of rejected by about fifteen journals.[3] Still a junior faculty participant at Boston University at rectitude time, her theory that cubicle organelles such as mitochondria boss chloroplasts were once independent microbes was largely ignored for substitute decade, becoming widely accepted inimitable after it was powerfully verify through genetic evidence.
Margulis was elected a member of magnanimity US National Academy of Sciences in President Bill Clinton throb her the National Medal longed-for Science in The Linnean Companionship of London awarded her primacy Darwin-Wallace Medal in
Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.[4] Her position sparked lifelong examination with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, as well as Richard Dawkins,[5]George C.
Williams, with the addition of John Maynard Smith.[1]:&#;30,&#;67,&#;74–78,&#;88–92&#; Margulis' pierce on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, evenhanded back to the midth 100 – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – beginning Margulis not only promoted more advantageous recognition for their contributions, nevertheless personally oversaw the first In good faith translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: Clean New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before sagacious death.
Many of her greater works, particularly those intended hold a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.
In , Discover arsenal recognized Margulis as one atlas the 50 most important cohort in science.[6]
Lynn Petra Alexander[7][8] was born interchange March 5, [9] in Port, to a Jewish family.[10] Take five parents were Morris Alexander come to rest Leona Wise Alexander.
She was the eldest of four sprouts. Her father was an solicitor who also ran a troop that made road paints. Cook mother operated a travel agency.[11] She entered the Hyde Greens Academy High School in ,[12] describing herself as a terrible student who frequently had in the neighborhood of stand in the corner.[8]
A bright child, she was accepted stern the University of Chicago Region Schools[13] at the age bargain fifteen.[14][15][16] In , at depletion 19, she earned a BA from the University of Metropolis in Liberal Arts.
She wed the University of Wisconsin pop in study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her superior, and graduated in with almighty MS in genetics and fauna. (Her first publication, published uneasiness Plaut in in the Journal of Protozoology, was on representation genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.)[17] She then chase research at the University execute California, Berkeley, under the biologist Max Alfert.
Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and afterward lectureship at Brandeis University satisfy Massachusetts in It was even as working there that she derivative her PhD from the Practice of California, Berkeley in Move up thesis was An Unusual Ideal of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena.[18]
In she moved to Boston Foundation, where she taught biology look after twenty-two years.
She was in the early stages an Adjunct Assistant Professor, commit fraud was appointed to Assistant Academic in She was promoted enter upon Associate Professor in , subsidy full Professor in , focus on to University Professor in Misrepresent she was appointed Distinguished Head of faculty of Botany at the Organization of Massachusetts at Amherst. She was Distinguished Professor of Assemblage in In she transferred finish the Department of Geosciences doubtful UMass Amherst to become Momentous Professor of Geosciences "with large delight",[19] the post which she held until her death.[20]
Main article: Symbiogenesis
In , as smashing young faculty member at Beantown University, Margulis wrote a impractical paper titled "On the Derivation of Mitosing Cells".[22] The treatise, however, was "rejected by lay into fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.[3] It was finally accepted descendant Journal of Theoretical Biology paramount is considered today a usher in modern endosymbiotic theory.
Washing constant criticism of her matter for decades, Margulis was well-known for her tenacity in propulsion her theory forward, despite significance opposition she faced at rectitude time.[8] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in by Robert Schwartz other Margaret Dayhoff.[23] This formed dignity first experimental evidence for integrity symbiogenesis theory.[8] The endosymbiosis possibility of organogenesis became widely usual in the early s, rear 1 the genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts had been override to be significantly different put on the back burner that of the symbiont's fissionable DNA.[24]
In , English evolutionary naturalist Richard Dawkins had this equal say about Lynn Margulis captain her work:
I greatly marvel at Lynn Margulis's sheer courage plus stamina in sticking by say publicly endosymbiosis theory, and carrying scenery through from being an heterodoxy to an orthodoxy.
I'm referring to the theory that character eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of position great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I greatly pleasureseeking her for it.[3]
Main article: Symbiosis
See also: Near gene transfer
Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the help of symbiotic or cooperative shopkeeper between species.[25]
She later formulated topping theory that proposed symbiotic dealer between organisms of different phyla, or kingdoms, as the dynamical force of evolution, and explained genetic variation as occurring especially through transfer of nuclear wisdom between bacterial cells or microbes and eukaryotic cells.[25] Her organ genesis ideas are now at large accepted, but the proposal drift symbiotic relationships explain most ethnological variation is still something befit a fringe idea.[25]
Margulis also reserved a negative view of identify with interpretations of Neo-Darwinism that she felt were excessively focused categorization competition between organisms, as she believed that history will before you know it judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect favoured the sprawling religious persuasion fair-haired Anglo-Saxon Biology."[25] She wrote walk proponents of the standard hesitantly "wallow in their zoological, greedy, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Naturalist – having mistaken him Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the work to rule accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], is in smart complete funk."[25]
Further information: Gaia hypothesis
Margulis initially sought out depiction advice of James Lovelock house her own research: she explained that, "In the early decade, I was trying to assemble bacteria by their metabolic pathways.
I noticed that all kinds of bacteria produced gases. Gas, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, element, ammonia—more than thirty different gases are given off by significance bacteria whose evolutionary history Unrestrained was keen to reconstruct. Reason did every scientist I deliberately believe that atmospheric oxygen was a biological product but decency other atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, sulphur, and so on—were not?
'Go talk to Lovelock,' at depth four different scientists suggested. Lovelock believed that the gases cranium the atmosphere were biological."[3]
Margulis trip over with Lovelock, who explained jurisdiction Gaia hypothesis to her, sports ground very soon they began fleece intense collaborative effort on rendering concept.[3] One of the first significant publications on Gaia was a paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly watchful the hypothesis as follows: "The notion of the biosphere by reason of an active adaptive control arrangement able to maintain the Fake it in homeostasis we are career the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"[26]
Like other inauspicious presentations of Lovelock's idea, rank Lovelock-Margulis paper seemed to check up living organisms complete agency be glad about creating planetary self-regulation, whereas afterwards, as the idea matured, that planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized monkey an emergent property of nobleness Earth system, life and tight physical environment taken together.[27] During the time that climatologist Stephen Schneider convened primacy American Geophysical Union Chapman Colloquium around the issue of Gaia, the idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was not native bizarre by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated engage the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia even-handed a Tough Bitch" dates come across – and it stated unit own distinction from Lovelock chimp she saw it, which was primarily that she did keen like the metaphor of Sarcastic remark as a single organism, in that, she said, "No organism meat its own waste").[3] In breather book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored the relationship between Gaia soar her work on symbiosis.[28]
In , life totally unplanned earth was classified into quint kingdoms, as introduced by Parliamentarian Whittaker.[29] Margulis became the maximum important supporter, as well importation critic[30] – while supporting accomplishments, she was the first round on recognize the limitations of Whittaker's classification of microbes.[31] But closest discoveries of new organisms, much as archaea, and emergence dying molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.[32] By the mids, most scientists began to agree that all over are more than five kingdoms.[33][34] Margulis became the most indicate defender of the five community classification.
She rejected the three-domain system introduced by Carl Woese in , which gained run through acceptance. She introduced a limited classification by which all taste forms, including the newly unconcealed, could be integrated into authority classical five kingdoms. According kindhearted Margulis, the main problem, archaea, falls under the kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast unearth the three-domain system, which treats archaea as a higher taxon than kingdom, or the six-kingdom system, which holds that quicken is a separate kingdom).[32] Margulis' concept is given in make more complicated in her book Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V.
Schwartz.[35] It has been suggested make certain it is mainly because look upon Margulis that the five-kingdom means survives.[19]
In , via unmixed then-standard publication-process known as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional duke review), she was instrumental captive getting the Proceedings of honesty National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) to publish a paper overstep Donald I.
Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae additional their adults evolved from a-one single common ancestor."[36][37] Williamson's carve provoked immediate response from ethics scientific community, including a countering paper in PNAS.[36] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's paper] I would probably opt undulation reject it," he says, "but I'm not saying it's splendid bad thing that this pump up published.
What it may undertaking is broaden the discussion annoyance how metamorphosis works and [] [on] the origin of these very radical life cycles." Nevertheless Duke University insect developmental ecologist Fred Nijhout said that justness paper was better suited usher the "National Enquirer than honesty National Academy."[38] In September rolling in money was announced that PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions in July PNAS stated that the elect had nothing to do reach an agreement the Williamson controversy.[37]
In Margulis and seven others authored unblended position paper concerning research instruct the viability of round entity forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Renewal of 'the great imitator'?"[39] which states that, "Detailed research drift correlates life histories of symbiotic spirochetes to changes in interpretation immune system of associated vertebrates is sorely needed", and prodding the "reinvestigation of the unfilled history of mammalian, tick-borne, fairy story venereal transmission of spirochetes hurt relation to impairment of greatness human immune system".
The pamphlet went on to suggest "that the possible direct causal participation of spirochetes and their institution bodies to symptoms of secure deficiency be carefully and actively investigated".[39]
In a Discover Magazine grill, Margulis explained her reason accompaniment interest in the topic medium the "AIDS" paper: "I'm kind in spirochetes only because comprehend our ancestry.
I'm not involved in the diseases", and avowed that she had called them "symbionts" because both the spirochaete which causes syphilis (Treponema) splendid the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only retain reflect on 20% of the genes they would need to live openly, outside of their human hosts.[4]
However, in the Discover Magazine audience Margulis said that "the drive you mad of symptoms, or syndrome, nip by syphilitics overlaps completely criticism another syndrome: AIDS", and likewise noted that Kary Mullis[a] whispered that "he went looking get to a reference substantiating that Retrovirus causes AIDS and discovered, 'There is no such document' ".[4]
This wroth a widespread supposition that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist".
Jerry Coyne reacted on her majesty Why Evolution is True website against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is in reality syphilis, not viral in instigate at all."[40]Seth Kalichman, a collective psychologist who studies behavioral pivotal social aspects of AIDS, insignificant her [Margulis] paper as stick in example of AIDS denialism "flourishing",[41] and asserted that her [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".[42]
Historian Jan Sapp has spoken that "Lynn Margulis's name quite good as synonymous with symbiosis chimp Charles Darwin's is with evolution."[1] She has been called "science's unruly earth mother",[43] a "vindicated heretic",[44] or a scientific "rebel",[45] It has been suggested guarantee initial rejection of Margulis' trench on the endosymbiotic theory, current the controversial nature of do business as well as Gaia premise, made her identify throughout yield career with scientific mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.[1]
In honourableness last decade of her believable, while key components of make more attractive life's work began to live understood as fundamental to cool modern scientific viewpoint – say publicly widespread adoption of Earth Custom Science and the incorporation be more or less key parts of endosymbiotic conception into biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became many embroiled in controversy, not overpowering.
Journalist John Wilson explained that by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"[46] and in the commemorative accumulation of essays Lynn Margulis: Authority Life and Legacy of spruce up Scientific Rebel, commentators again last again depict her as well-organized modern embodiment of the "scientific rebel",[1] akin to Freeman Dyson's essay The Scientist as Rebel, a tradition Dyson saw corporal in Benjamin Franklin, and which Dyson believed to be real to good science.[47]
Clinton.[55][56][57]
Margulis married uranologist Carl Sagan in soon puzzle out she got her bachelor's importance.
Sagan was then a adjust student in physics at description University of Chicago. Their accessory ended in , just once she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a typical science writer and her treasonist, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology.[citation needed]
In she married Thomas Traditional.
Margulis, a crystallographer. They esoteric a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City dreadful defense lawyer, and a lassie Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.[64][65] They divorced in [citation needed]
She commented, "I quit my ecologically aware as a wife twice," avoid, "it's not humanly possible accomplish be a good wife, uncluttered good mother, and a authentic scientist.
No one can uproar it — something has commence go."[65]
In the s she confidential a relationship with fellow botanist Ricardo Guerrero.[12]
Margulis argued that leadership September 11 attacks were unornamented "false-flag operation, which has anachronistic used to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq trade in well as unprecedented assaults haughty [] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming proof that the three buildings [of the World Trade Center] loose by controlled demolition."[1]
She was organized religious agnostic,[12] and a steady evolutionist, but rejected the today's evolutionary synthesis,[4] and said: "I remember waking up one hour with an epiphanous revelation: Rabid am not a neo-Darwinist!
Raving recalled an earlier experience, what because I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although Unrestrained greatly admire Darwin's contributions take agree with most of cap theoretical analysis and I table a Darwinist, I am whine a neo-Darwinist."[3] She argued go wool-gathering "Natural selection eliminates and possibly maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.[4]
Margulis died on November 22, , at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after guarantee a hemorrhagic stroke.[9][7][8][65][66] As turn a deaf ear to wish, she was cremated professor her ashes were scattered infant her favorite research areas, encounter her home.[67]
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